• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.401-418
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• 2023

Recently, the socio-economic interest in Large Language Models (LLMs) has been growing due to the emergence of ChatGPT. As a type of generative AI, LLMs have reached the level of script creation. In this regard, it is important to address the issue of discrimination (sexism, racism, religious discrimination, ageism, etc.) in the performing arts in general or in specific performing arts works or organizations in a large language model that will be widely used by the general public and professionals. However, there has not yet been a full-scale investigation and discussion on the issue of discrimination in the performing arts in large-scale language models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to textually analyze the perceptions of discrimination issues in the performing arts from LMMs and to derive implications for the performing arts field and the development of LMMs. First, BBQ (Bias Benchmark for QA) questions and measures for nine discrimination issues were used to measure the sensitivity to discrimination of the giant language models, and the answers derived from the representative giant language models were verified by performing arts experts to see if there were any parts of the giant language models' misperceptions, and then the giant language models' perceptions of the ethics of discriminatory views in the performing arts field were analyzed through the content analysis method. As a result of the analysis, implications for the performing arts field and points to be noted in the development of large-scale linguistic models were derived and discussed.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.61-65
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• 2023

최근, 대부분의 태스크가 초거대 언어 모델로 통합되고 있을 정도로 많은 관심 및 연구되고 있다. 초거대 언어 모델을 효과적으로 활용하기 위해서는 모델의 능력에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 하나, 한국어에 대한 분석 및 탐색은 상대적으로 부족하다. 본 논문에서는 한국어 맞춤법 교정 태스크를 통해 초거대 언어 모델의 능력을 탐색한다. 맞춤법 교정 태스크는 문장의 구조 및 문법을 이해하는 능력이 필요하며, 사용자의 만족도에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 중요한 태스크이다. 우리는 맞춤법 세부 유형에 따른 ChatGPT의 제로샷 및 퓨샷성능을 평가하여 초거대 언어 모델의 성능 분석을 수행한다. 실험 결과 제로샷의 경우 문장부호 오류의 성능이 가장 우수했으며, 수사 오류의 성능이 가장 낮았다. 또한, 예제를 더 많이 제공할수록 전체적인 모델의 성능이 향상되었으나, 제로샷의 경우보다 오류 유형 간의 성능 차이가 커지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2000

Giant cell tumor of the small bones of the hands and feet is rare. Giant cell tumors in these locations develop at young age, are more commonly multifocal, and show the higher risk of recurrence than those at the end of the long bone. It should be differentiated from the other lesions of the hands, such as giant cell reparative granuloma, aneurysmal bone cyst and enchondroma. We experienced a case of giant cell tumor in the proximal phalanx of the left hand with swelling and pain. Curettage and bone graft were performed. Histologically large number of giant cells were distributed diffusely in the highly cellular stroma containing sheets of mononuclear cells. Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst and hemorrhage were associated.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.349-357
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• 2015

Giant character used various SF movies and games in media convergence ages, and is essential for giant character in success contents. It This study defined giant character of SF movies and games, it analysed the eight of external characteristics and internal characteristics of giant character in SF movies and games. The external characteristics defined shape, silhouette, size and color, the internal characteristics defined fear, satanism, image and story focus, playfulness. Above, it was structured positioning model of giant character based eight characteristics and analyzation of example of SF movies and games. The elements of positioning model of giant characters are darkness, huge, abnormal, human, animal, fear, satanism, story focused, image focused and playfulness, and this study was proposed these model of elements of eight in SF movies and games.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2009

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the rib may present as a posterior mediastinal mass when it involves the posterior arc. Only 4 cases of GCT of the rib presenting as a posterior mediastinal mass have been reported. We report a case of a 38-year-old man with GCT of the rib. Computed tomography revealed a well-defined, multi-lobulated, heterogeneous mass in the right superoposterior mediastinum, which appeared to invade the right third rib and thoracic vertebra. It was thought to be a posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma or its malignant transformation. Grossly, the tumor mass arose in the posterior arc and showed substantial growth out of the rib. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of interspersed multi-nucleated giant cells and stromal mononuclear cells, compatible with GCT. For GCT, a wide excision with elective radiotherapy should be considered. GCT must be differentiated from posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma that can be treated by surgical excision alone.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.251-253
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• 2002

Giant cell tumor rarely occurs in ribs. Usually it is located in the posterior arc. We reported a very rare case of primary giant cell tumor of rib in the anterior arc with review of literatures.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

70% ethanolic extracts were prepared from the three mutant rice cultivars with giant embryo termed Shinsunchal-giant embryonic rice, Whachung-giant embryonic rice and Nampung-giant embryonic rice, and its antioxidative and antimutagenic properties were evaluated and compared. For analysing antioxidativity, various antioxidative indices, such as electron donating ability to DPPH radical, scavenging capacity to hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton reaction, scavenging capacity to superoxide radicals generated by HPX/XOD system, inhibitory effect on autoxidation of linoleic acid and inhibitory effect on membrane lipid peroxidation derived from rabbit erythrocyte ghost, were determined. For analysing antimutagenicity, suppressive effects on mutagenesis induced by the chemical mutagen, mitomycin C, were measured using E. coli PQ 37 as a indicator cell. The results showed that for both antioxidativity and antimutagenicity the giant embryonic rices were more effective compared to the general cooking rice, Among the giant embryonic rice cultivars, Nampung-giant embryonic rice tended to be most effective, showing its scavenging activity to DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibitory activity to lipid peroxidation was 2,3-, 3,3-, 1.7-, and 2.5-fold greater than those of normal rice, respectively.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.spc
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• pp.90-97
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• 2019

In recent years, flood due to the consecutive storm events have been occurred and property damage and casualties are in increasing trend. This study calls the consecutively occurred storm events as a mega rainfall scenario and the discharge by the scenario is defined as a mega flood discharge. A mega rainfall scenario was created on the assumption that 100-year frequency rainfall events were consecutively occurred in the Gyeongancheon stream basin. The SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation) model was used to estimate the mega flood discharge using the scenario in the basin. In addition, in order to perform more reasonable runoff analysis, the parameters were estimated using the SCE_UA algorithm. Also, the calibration and verification were performed using the objective functions of the weighted sum of squared of residual(WSSR), which is advantageous for the peak discharge simulation and sum of squared of residual(SSR). As a result, the mega flood discharge due to the continuous occurrence of 100-year frequency rainfall events in the Gyeongan Stream Basin was estimated to be 4,802㎥/s, and the flood discharge due to the 100-year frequency single rainfall event estimated by "the Master Plan for the Gyeongancheon Stream Improvement" (2011) was 3,810㎥/s. Therefore, the mega flood discharge was found to increase about 992㎥/s more than the single flood event. The results of this study can be used as a basic data for Comprehensive Flood Control Plan of the Gyeongan Stream basin.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

Starches from 4 rice cultivars, including Whachungchalbyeo and Whachungbyeo, together with two correspondiug conversion mutants with giant embryonic phenotype, Whachungchal-giant embryonic rice and Whachung-giant embryonic rice, were isolated to compare its physico-chemical properties. The amylose content and the length of glucose chains in the fractionated amylose was reduced in response to conversion of the rice cultivars for developing giant embryonic phenotype. For the fine structure of amylopectin, conversion to giant embyonic rice cultivars accompanied with slight increase in the length of B chain plus decrease in the amount of A chain, and also a slight increase in average glucose chains length of amylopectin fractions could be observed. X-ray diffractogram revealed 4 cultivars to be the representative A types. We could also obtain the results that the hydrolysis rate by glucoamylase in the waxy rice cultivars decreased in response to conversion to the giant embryonic rice cultivars, while the rate increased in the non-waxy rice cultivas. Termination temperature for gelatinization was observed to decrease in response to conversion into the giant embryonic rice cultivars, however, the enthalpy for gelatinization was found to increase with the same conversion process.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.3 s.109
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• pp.181-187
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• 2006

In the wave spectrum distribution based on linear wave theory, the appearance of a giant wave whose wave height reaches to 30m has been considered next to almost impossible in a real sea However since more than 10 giant waves were observed in a recent investigation of global wave distribution which was carried out by the analysis of SAR imagines for three weeks, the existence of the giant waves is being recognized and it is considered the cause of many unknown marine disasters. The change of wave height distribution concerning a formation of wave train, nonlinear wave to wave interaction and so on were raised as the causes of the appearance of the giant waves, but the occurrence mechanism of the giant waves hasn't been cleared yet. In present study, we investigated appearance circumstances of the giant waves in real sea and its occurrence mechanism was analyzed based on linear and nonlinear wave focusing theories. Also, through a development of numerical model of the nonlinear $schr\"{o}dinger$ equation, the formations of the giant wave from progressive wave train were reproduced.