• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.567-572
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• 2014

Extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum have been reported to show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-metastatic, and hepato-protective effects. This study was designed to evaluate T-cell activation and M1/M2 differential macrophage activation by extracts of P. grandiflorum or P. grandiflorum containing various medicinal herbs. Using real-time RT-PCR, we analyzed expression levels of c-fos, and CD40L (T-cell activation markers) in splenocytes and iNOS, Ym1, and ARG1 in RAW 246.7 cells after treatment of CC (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum), MAEK (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum [82%] and six different plants), and HWAL (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum [7%] and eight different plants. The results showed that MAEK significantly elevated the expression of T-cell activation markers of splenocytes, with the c-fos gene activated more than 10-fold and the CD40L gene activated more than 6-fold. Although CD40L was significantly increased by CC and HWAL, the increase was only about 2-fold. In addition, CC and HWAL did not significantly activate the expression of the c-fos gene. On the other hand, CC elevated the M1 activation marker iNOS, and HWAL elevated the M2 activation marker Ym1 and ARG1 gene expression. In conclusion, MAEK could be used as an immune stimulant because of its ability to activate T cells (elicited c-fos and CD40L gene expression), whereas HWAL could serve as an anti-inflammatory agent because of its differential activation of M2 macrophages.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 1997

Purpose : Studies on the duration of immune response against Japanese encephalitis virus from recipients with JE vaccine (Nakayama-NIH strain) in Korea. Methods : To determinate the immune response and the duration of antibody against JE vaccine, 213 students were examined since 1994 using hemmaglutination inhibition test and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Results : 24 months after the first vaccination, haemmaglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody maintained from the recipients 63.4% (>1:20) and 100% (>1:20), respectively. In April 1996, one dose booster to the same recipients those who were vaccinated in 1994, the GMT antibody for HI and PRNT titer were both increased from 1:11.6 to 1:13.2 and 1:275.7 to 1:348.1, respectively, after 6 months booster (after 30 months from the initial vaccination). This results showed that the antibody from the active immunity could be maintained more than 12 months after the initial vaccination. On the basis of these results, inactivated killed JE vaccine (Nakayama-NIH strain) using for preventing against JE purpose seems to produce antibody enough to protect against JE at present. Conclusions : Along with the results of this study demonstrating duration of antibody, the active immunization could be maintained as long as by initial vaccination of 2 doses, a single dose of booster vaccination made during a period of 1 month to 12 months and the successive booster vaccination by 2 or 3 year intervals. However, the immunization schedule should be concerned with both epidemiology of disease and the immune response of vaccinated individuals.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_4
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• pp.1267-1276
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• 2020

To quantitatively predict the impacts of large-scale volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu on air quality and damage around the Korean Peninsula, a three-dimensional chemistry-transport modeling system (Weather Research & Forecasting - Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission - Comunity Multi-scale Air Quality) was adopted. A worst-case meteorology scenario was selected to estimate the direct impact on Korea. This study applied the typical worst-case scenarios that are likely to cause significant damage to Korea among worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu in the past decade (2005~2014) and assumed a massive VEI 4 volcanic eruption on May 16, 2012, to analyze the concentration of PM_2.5 caused by the volcanic eruption. The effects of air quality in each region-cities, counties, boroughs-were estimated, and vulnerable areas were derived by conducting an exposure assessment reflecting vulnerable groups. Moreover, the effects of cities, counties, and boroughs were analyzed with a high-resolution scale (9 km × 9 km) to derive vulnerable areas within the regions. As a result of analyzing the typical worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu, a discrepancy was shown in areas between high PM_2.5 concentration, high population density, and where vulnerable groups are concentrated. From the result, PM_2.5 peak concentration was about 24,547 ㎍/㎥, which is estimated to be a more serious situation than the eruption of Mt. St. Helensin 1980, which is known for 540 million tons of volcanic ash. Paju, Gimpo, Goyang, Ganghwa, Sancheong, Hadong showed to have a high PM_2.5 concentration. Paju appeared to be the most vulnerable area from the exposure assessment. While areas estimated with a high concentration of air pollutants are important, it is also necessary to develop plans and measures considering densely populated areas or areas with high concentrations of susceptible population or vulnerable groups. Also, establishing measures for each vulnerable area by selecting high concentration areas within cities, counties, and boroughs rather than establishing uniform measures for all regions is needed. This study will provide the foundation for developing the standards for disaster declaration and preemptive response systems for volcanic eruptions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E levels on the enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (G57) involved in antioxidative defense system and lipid peroxidation in brain of cadmium administered rats. Sprague-Dawely male rats weighing $60\pm5g$ were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were divided into Cd-0E(vitamin E free diet), Cd-40E(40mg vitamin E/kg diet) and Cd-400E(400mg vitamin E/kg diet) according to the level of vitamin E supplementation. After each group was fed diet ad libitum for 2 or 4 weeks, 2.5mg cadmium per kg body weight was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 4 days. The rats were sacrificed for examination on the next day after the last injection of cadmium. The results are as follows: SOD activities of rat brain were lower in Cd-0E, but had a similar tendency to Cd-40E, Cd-400E groups compared with control group. GSH-Px acivities of rat brain were decreased in Cd-400E, Cd-40E and Cd-0E groups. GST activities of rat brain were decreased in Cd-0E, Cd-40E groups and not significantly different in Cd-400E compared with control group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) of rat brain was increased in Cd-0E, Cd-40E, Cd-400E in that order, TBARS was lower in Cd-40E, and Cd-400E by 28.8% and 44%, respectively, than Cd-0E group. The present result suggests that high level of dietary vitamin E protects against lipid peroxidative damage in rat induced by cadmium.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 1978

Since 1976 the catches of sardine increased rapidly in Korea. However due to the poor facilities of preservation, most sardine landed was used only for fish meal as feeds. The aims of this study are to investigate the processing of sardine as a protein. concentrate and to solve related problems under our particular circumstances. Using the ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, the storage effect for further processing, the optimum processing conditions of sardine protein concentrate and amino acid composition of the product were determined. The utilization of sardine protein ,concentrate as a supplement of bread and noodles was also studied. Chopped sardine meat could be stored in isopropyl and ethyl alcohol without significant deterioration as a raw material for tile further processing. High qualify sardine Protein concentrate could be produced by the method, that is five times five minutes extraction with isopropyl or ethyl alcohol at $80^{\circ}C$ under adequate mixing. In the first step of the extraction, the solvent was added as much as 10 times tile sample amount and the equal volume of additional solvent was also used for the second to fifth step extraction. In the products extracted using isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, the yields of sardine protein concentrate were $21.2\%$ and $20.3\%$ respectively, and the dry basis contents of protein in the two products were $80.5\%$ and $75.8\%$, the lipid being $0.22\%$ and $0.27\%$ respectively. Isoproyl alcohol was superior to superior alcohol for the extraction of fresh sardine. In amino acid composition of sardine protein concentrate, no difference was found between the products of isopropyl and ethyl alcohol extraction except a little difference in the amount of amino acid between them. In the supplementation of bread and noodles, taste panel showed that supplemented bread and noodles were well accepted when $3\%$ of wheat flour was replaced by sardine protein concentrate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2012

In order to investigate the distribution of water masses and spatio-temporal variation of nutrients in the coastal areas of Gangwon province of the Korean East Sea, a survey of the physico-chemical parameters (temperature and salinity) and nutrients ($NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $PO_4$-P, and $SiO_2$-Si) was carried out at 5 locations (Goseong, Sokcho, Yangyang, Gangneung, and Donghae) in February, May, August, and November 2009. The water masses included in the study area were divided into 4 groups; 1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), 2) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), 3) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW), and 4) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). The distribution of water masses was affected by the change of season. In February, surface water was derived from the TMW. The TSW was not observed in May, but only observed in August. In November, as the influence of the TSW weakened, that of the NKCW strengthened. Considering the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations in all the seasons were very low within the surface water, but increased rapidly near the thermocline. Most of nutrient concentrations, except for dissolved silicate, remained constant below the depth of 200 m. However, the dissolved silicate concentration increased with depth, suggesting that silicate has a delayed regenerative pattern. The ESPW had the highest nutrient concentration, followed by the NKCW, TMW, and TSW. In February, May, and November, the N/P ratio in most of the water masses was similar to or larger than the Redfield ratio, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did not act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. However, in August, the N/P ratio in the TSW was less than the Redfield ratio, and the concentration of $NO_2$-N+$NO_3$-N was 0.86 ${\mu}m$, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the study area.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.34
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• pp.64-81
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• 2013

It is not easy to define the priority criteria of the need of conservation treatment for stone cultural heritage, although many of them have been treated and restored over the past decade. This study approached the correlation between damage grade and the need of conservation treatment based on damage diagnosis of stone cultural heritage carried out from 2001 to 2005. The number of Third-graded (from First to Fifth-grade) stone heritage in deterioration was the highest among state-designated stone cultural heritage. The Fourth-graded stone cultural heritage (143 in total) was mostly influenced by high physiochemical deterioration, whereas the Fifth-graded ones (61 in total) was dominantly affected by biological colonization. It was estimated that total 211 stone cultural heritage were treated for conservation and restoration from 2002 to 2011. They were usually cleaned (total 134, 26.1%), joined and consolidated, and maintenance works as shelter construction, drainage installation and surrounding cleaning were carried out for some of them. The number of conservation intervention increased with the high deterioration grade, and the case number of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. By age, the stone cultural heritage in Three-kingdom Period were treated the most, and other heritage in Unified Shilla, Goryeo and Joseon showed an approximate ratio. The stone cultural heritage fallen in the fifth-grade in deterioration demonstrated the highest ratio, approximately 80% of conservation intervention. These results can be used as preliminary data to define the emergency criteria for conservation intervention policy.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2010

To develop a new functional kimchi with antioxidative properties, salted baechu was soaked in black rice water extract for 6 h at room temperature. The antioxidative property of the water extract was $78.75{\pm}1.18%$ that of the control (0.1% [w/v] alpha-tocopherol). The black rice gel was added to the baechu kimchi preparation. The color of baechu kimchi treated with black rice water extract changed to dark violet and/or black. Control kimchi and black rice water-treated kimchi were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. No significant differences were detected between the control and the black rice water-treated group in the early stages of fermentation. As fermentation time increased, pH decreased and titratable acidity increased rapidly in control kimchi. However, such marked changes were not evident in test kimchi. The hardness value of black rice water-treated kimchi was higher than that of control kimchi after the midpoint of the fermentation period. The storage life of baechu kimchi treated with black rice water extract was prolonged by up to 5 days compared with control samples, owing to a decline in lactic acid bacteria and yeast levels during the final fermentation period in black rice water-treated kimchi. The total phenolic levels and the antioxidative capacity of black rice water-treated kimchi (83%) were approximately 1.5-fold higher than in control kimchi (57%). In sensory evaluation, black rice water-treated kimchi scored higher than did control kimchi using a blind test protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2000

This study was to develop Korean version of Parenting Stress Scale. Primary research was processed thru Abidin's PSI(Parenting Stress Index) scale. For the pilot primary study, distri-buted questionnaire to the mothers who have three to twelve age children and tried factor analysis with 382 data sheets. At the result, 29 items and 5 factors among the 47 items of child domain, 28 items and 5 factors among the items of parent domain were extracted. At the secondary pilot study survey, reanalyzed the 57 items extracted by primary pilot survey with the 392 data collected from three to six age children's parents. For the item discrimination analysis, calculated item-total correlation and deleted the items under r=.20. For the validity test, reviewed content validity and construct validity. For the verification of construct validity, tried factor analysis. At the result, in child domain area, the four factors, 'Reinforces Parent's, 'Accep-tability', 'Attention Distractiveness', 'Demandingness' and 24 items were extracted. Among the common variance of child domain, 'explained common variance' was 82.05%. In parent domain area, the five factors, 'Restriction of Role', 'Depression', 'Social Isolation', 'Parent Health', 'Spouse Relationship' and 24 items were extracted. Among the common variance of parent domain, 'explained common dominator' was 82.40%. For the verification of reliability, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was calculated and in child domain, .69, .70, .67, .66 were produced by each item, respectively and total reliability coefficient was ${\alpha}$=.81. Reliability coefficient of parent domain was .73, .70, .70, .55, .73 by each item, respectively and total reliability coefficient was ${\alpha}$=.83. This study was processed as a primary research to develop the Korean version of parent stress scale which is originally from U.S.A. version of PSI and apply it to proper Korean culture. Therefore, the necessity of continuous study was discussed with more localized items and factors.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-143
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• 2001

Purpose : Limb salvage for osteosarcoma of proximal tibia is challenging problem due to difficulties in mobilizing or retracting the main neurovascular structure, inadequate soft tissue coverage, and unsolved problem of patellar tendon reattachment to endoprosthesis. The authors analyzed the functional result of limb salvage using tumor prosthesis with medial gastrocnemius rotation plasty for osteosarcama of the proximal tibia. Materials and Methods : Eleven patients with histologically proven osteosarcoma of the proximal tibia, treated with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage operation with tumor prosthesis between January 1992 and December 1998 at our Medical Center, were selected. There were 6 male and 5 female. Age ranged from 15 years to 23.7 years with an average of 23.7 years. Follow-up period ranged from 1 year to 4.5 years with an average of 2.5 years. The final functional result was evaluated using the method by ISOLS, 1993. The factors include pain, functional activities, emotional acceptance, use of external supports, walking ability and gait. Each of the factors has been scored from 0 to 5 depending on the appropriate description or data. The rating score is determined by dividing the individual factor scores into the total score and indicates percentage of normal function. Results : The overall functional result ranged from 53,3% to 86.7% with an average of 68.3% of normal function. In details, the averages were 82.5% for pain, 62.5% for functional activities, 67.5% for emotional acceptance, 77.5% for use of external supports, 62.5% for walking ability, and 57.5% for gait. The average range of motion of the knee joint was $5^{\circ}$ extension and $85^{\circ}$ flexion. Five patients have extension lag ranged from $5^{\circ}$ to $15^{\circ}$ with an average of $10^{\circ}$. Two patients suffered postoperative infection. One was treated with antibiotics injection only, but the other needed removal of the prosthesis and knee fusion. Both of them showed unsatisfactory result. C o n c l u s i o n : The overall functional result after limb salvage using tumor prosthesis with medial gastrocnemius rotational flap for osteosarcoma of the proximal tibia was relatively satisfactory in case of no postoperative infection. The patients were less satisfactory in functional activities, emotional acceptance and gait than pain, use of external supports due to limitation of motion and extension lag. More aggressive postoperative physical therapy and protection with brace for 6~9 months as well as surgical technique is mandatory for more satisfactory result.