• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.10-14
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• 1999

A single phase composter was constructed by modifying the conventional mixer of sawdust for the cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The machine was designed on the basis of 3-phase-1 system which was controlled in prewetting, pasteurization and fermentation processes. In composting 200 kg of straw and cotton waste in the machine, it took 20 minutes in prewetting step and also to hours at $65^{\circ}C$ in pasteurization process. Postfermentation by aerothermophiles was completed by treating the compost at $45^{\circ}C-50^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours which was shorten 24 hours from the conventional method. In the postfermentation at high temperature, forced aeration and/or vigorous mixing process(es) played a great role in the improvement of spawn quality. The growth of mycelium of oyster mushroom was excellent in the culture combinated with 3 parts of surface inoculation and 7 parts of mechanical mixing.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.10 no.1 s.26
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

In the existing broadcasting environment, it is not easy to serve the bi-directional service between a broadcasting server and a TV audience. In the uni-directional broadcasting environments, almost TV programs are scheduled depending on the viewers' popular watching time, and the advertisement contents in these TV programs are mainly arranged by the popularity and the ages of the audience. The audiences make an effort to sort and select their favorite programs. However, the advertisement programs which support the TV program the audience want are not served to the appropriate audiences efficiently. This randomly provided advertisement contents can occur to the audiences' indifference and avoidance. In this paper, we propose the target advertisement service for the appropriate distribution of the advertisement contents. The proposed target advertisement service estimates the audience's profile without any issuing the private information and provides the target-advertised contents by using his/her estimated profile. For the experimental results, we used the real audiences' TV usage history such as the ages, fonder and time of the programs from AC Neilson Korea. And we show the accuracy of the proposed target advertisement service algorithm. NDS (Normalized Distance Sum) and the Vector correlation method, and implementation of our target advertisement service system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.251-264
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• 2003

This study was conducted to make on-site survey on the output pattern and utilization situation of 19 by-products selected, to evaluate their nutritional characteristics, to find out a reliable index with which digestion of by-products can be predicted on the basis of chemical compositions analyzed and to diagnose the risk of using book values in the absence of the actual values analyzed for diet formulation. Production and utilization situations of by-products were quite various. Nutritionally, fruit processing by-products such as apple pomace (AP), pear pomace (PP), grape pomace (GP), and persimmon peel (PSP), and bakery by-products (BB) were classified as energy feeds. Soybean curd meal (SCM), animal by- products such as blood (BD), feather meal (FM) and poultry by-products (PB), and activated milk processing sludge (AMS) were classified as protein feeds. Soy hulls (SH), spent mushroom compost (SMC), barley malt hulls (BMH), waste paper (WP) and broiler litter (BL) were classified as roughage. Rumen contents (RC) and restaurant food waste (FW) were nutritionally analogous to complete diets for cattle and swine, respectively. Compared to soybean meal (SBM), BD and FM contained high (P<0.05) levels of amino acids and barley malt sprouts (BMS), AMS and FW contained low (P<0.05) levels of amino acids. Enzymatic (pepsin) digestibilities of proteinaceous feeds ranged between 99 and 66%. In vitro DM digestibility was high (P<0.05) in the order of FW, BB, AP, SH, PP, PSP, BMH, BMS, SCM, GP, RC, PB, BL, WP, SMC, AMS, FM and BD. In vitro DM digestibility had the highest correlation (r=0.68) with nonfibrous carbohydrate among chemical components. Differences between analyzed values of chemical components and book values were considerable. Caution is required in using book values when large amount of by-products are used in diets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.631-638
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of zerovalent iron and basic oxygen furnace slag on arsenic stabilization in soils. For this, arsenic (V) contaminated soil and roxarsone contaminated soil were incubated after incorporation with zerovalent iron (ZVI) or basic oxygen furnace slage (BOFS) at four different levels (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) for 30 days and then the residual concentrations of arsenic were analysed following extraction with aqua reqia, 1N HCl and 0.01 M $CaCl_2$. The total concentration of arsenic was 2,285 mg/kg in the As(V) contaminated soil and 6.5 mg/kg in the roxarsone contaminated soil. 1 N HCl extractable arsenic concentration in the As(V) contaminated soil was initially 1,351 mg/kg and this was significantly declined by 713~1,034 mg/kg following incubation with ZVI while BOFS treatment showed no effect on the stabilization of inorganic arsenate except 5% treatment which showed around 100 mg/kg reduction in 1N HCl extractable arsenic. Similarly, in the roxarsone contaminated soil 1N HCl extractable concentration of arsenic was reduced from 3.13 mg/kg to 0.69 mg/kg with ZVI treatment increased from 1% to 5% while BOFS treatment did not lead to any statistically significant reduction. Available (0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable) arsenic was initially 0.85 mg/kg in the As(V) contaminated soil and this declined by 0.79 mg/kg following incorporation with 5% ZVI, which accounted for more than 90% of the available As in the control. When As(V)-contaminated soil was treated with BOFS, the available arsenic was increased due to competing effect of the phosphate originated from BOFS with arsenate for the adsorption sites. For the roxarsone contaminated soil, the greater the treatment of ZVI or BOFS, the lower the available arsenic concentration although it was still higher than that of the control.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.4 no.10 s.36
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• pp.34-46
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• 1972

1. 육추율 육성율 성계생존율 육추율 99.7$\%$는 1회 98.5$\%$, 2회 99.2$\%$, 3회 99.8$\%$, 4회 98.3$\%$ 5회 98.7$\%$와 근사하다. 육성율 평균 87.1$\%$는 1회 97.5$\%$, 2회 97.2$\%$, 3회 96.6$\%$, 4회 97.9$\%$에 비하여 10$\%$정도 낮으며 5회 89.7$\%$보다도 2.6$\%$ 낮은데 이는 근년 많이 발생하는 마렉병 및 백혈병이 주원인이며,(7회 검정계 부터 마렉병 예방접종)현 김포검정사 신축이 장마로 인하여 지연되므로서 더욱 임시육추사에서의 육성기간에 스트레스를 받았기 때문이며 성계생존율은 평균 75.3$\%$이며, 1회 80.3$\%$, 2회 84.8$\%$, 3회 71.8$\%$, 4회 87.3$\%$, 5회 71.4$\%$ 이었다. 이를 폐사원인별로 보면 세균성 질환으로 인한 폐사가 전체폐사수의 8.9$\%$ 병독(마렉병 및 백혈병)이 61.5$\%$원충 0.7$\%$ 대사장애 9.2$\%$ 생식기장애 3.4$\%$ 내장파열(간파열 탈항등) 5.7$\%$ 곰팡이 1.1$\%$ 기타(복막염 장염등) 9.5$\%$로 마렉병 및 백혈병이 주인이며 이를 검정각회별로 보면 1.2회 32.3$\%$, 3회 43.3$\%$, 4회 41.3$\%$, 5회 56.2$\%$, 6회 61.5$\%$로 매년 증가하고 있다. 2. 성성숙일령 전체평균 155.9일로 가장 빠른 구는 4구의 144일이고 가장 늦은 구는 23구의 166일이며 1일 189.2일, 2회 181.2일 보다 30일 정도 빨라진 것은 1.2회 검정은 산란율 50$\%$ 연2일 산란한 전일로 계산하였으며 3회 검정부터는 산란율 50$\%$에 달한 일령으로 계산하였기 때문이다. 3. 산란율 산란지수 산란율 평균 64.6$\%$이고 최상위구는 77.1$\%$, 최하위구는 52.8$\%$이며 유색품종 평균산란율은 58.4$\%$ 백색품종은 66.6$\%$이며 성성숙일령이 빨라짐에 따라 전체산란율은 약간 떨어지고 있다. 산란지수-평균은 189.7개로 200개 이상 산란한 상위군이 모두 성계생존율이 높은 구임을 알 수 있다. 4. 사료요구율 전체평균 2.8로 1회 3.54, 2회 3.1., 3회 3.98 4회 2.87, 5회 2.83으로 점차 개선되어 가고 있으며 유색품종의 사료요구율 평균은 3.3이었다. 5. 난평균중량 평균 58.4g로 최상위구는 60.8g, 최하위구는 56.6g 이며 국산계의 평균난중은 57.9g 외국제 평균난중 58.6g이었다. 6. 체중 평균체중은 300일령 2,117.g, 500일령 2,207이며 유색품종은 300일령 2.6160g, 500일령 2.656.7g이었다. 7. 사료 섭취량 사료섭취량 평균은 1일수당 육추기 33.6g, 육성기 68.5g, 산란기 109.9g이었다. 8 경제성 총수입은 2,539,799 으로 전체수입의 85.3$\%$가 계란수입이고, 폐계 수입은 14.7$\%$이다. 지출은 총계 1,854.517원으로 전체 지출의 92.5$\%$가 사료비, 7.5$\%$가 초생추대이었다. 9. 후기 마렉병 백신이 71년 중반기부터 수입되므로써 마렉병 예방접종을 하지 못하므로서 전체 폐사 수의 61.5$\%$를 차지하는 많은 피해를 보았다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1041-1048
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• 2016

Biofilm cells and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state may play a role in the survival of Campylobacter jejuni under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of C. jejuni biofilm cells and VBNC cells on smoked duck. The transfer of C. jejuni biofilm cells to smoked duck and its ability to resuscitate from biofilm and VBNC cells on smoked duck was investigated. Transfer experiments were conducted from C. jejuni biofilm cells to smoked duck after 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h contact at room temperature, and the efficiency of transfer (EOT) was calculated. In addition, smoked duck was inoculated with C. jejuni biofilm and VBNC cells and then stored at 10, 24, 36, and $42^{\circ}C$ to examine the cells' ability to resuscitate on smoked ducks. The 5 min contact time between C. jejuni biofilm cells and smoked duck showed a higher EOT (0.92) than the 24 h contact time (EOT=0.08), and the EOT decreased as contact time increased. Furthermore, C. jejuni biofilm cells on smoked duck were not recovered at 10, 24, and $36^{\circ}C$, and C. jejuni VBNC cells were not resuscitated at $42^{\circ}C$. Although the resuscitation of C. jejuni biofilm and VBNC cells was not observed on smoked duck, microbial criteria of C. jejuni is needed in poultry and processed poultry products due to risk of its survival and low infectious dose.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.737-744
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to compare the ME values of imported corns measured by In vivo(TME) and In vitro(MEn, ME and MEpc) methods and to investigate the true amino acid availability(TAAA) and the true nutrient availability(TNA) of imported corns. For TME assay, twenty four 57-weeks-old Hy-Line roosters were assigned to fasting group(4 roosters) and four corn groups(5 roosters each): USA; corn produced in the United States, ARG; corn produced in Argentina, CHN; regular corn produced in China, CHNP; premium corn produced in China. The MEn, ME and MEpc values were determined by equations based on chemical analysis. The TME value of USA(3,745kcal/kg) in as fed basis was significantly (P<0.01) higher than ARG(3,555kcal/kg) and CHNP(3,518kcal/kg) but was not significantly different from CHN(3,671kcal/kg). The TME value of USA(4,144kcal/kg) in DM basis was not significantly different from CHN(4,060kcal/kg) and CHNP(4,008kcal/kg) but was significantly(P<0.05) higher than ARG(4,001kcal/kg). There were significant differences in TAAA of phenylalanine, histidine and arginine among imported corns. Those of USA were highest but overall TAAA was not significantly different among imported corns. True availability of NFE of USA, ARG and CHN was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of CHNP. However, true availability of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and crude ash were not significantly different among corns. The correlation coefficient between TME and MEn value was 0.91 which was significant at P<0.1 but correlation coefficient between TME and ME value and between TME and MEpc value was 0.90 and 0.83, respectively which was not significant at P<0.1. In conclusion, US corn was highest in TME values and Chinese premium corn was not significantly different from regular Chinese corn. The MEn value obtained by equation based on chemical analysis may be used as a tool to evaluate TME value of corn.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2008

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is recognized as key to the emergence of pandemic influenza for humans; there are growing concerns that AIV H9N2 may become more efficient to transmit to humans in the near future, since the infection of poultry with AIV H9N2 has been common in recent years. In this study, we aimed to produce antisera recognizing the HA and NA proteins of AIV H9N2. Initially, coding sequences corresponding to the N-terminal regions of the HA and NA proteins of the Korean AIV H9N2 (A/Ck/Kr/MS96/96) isolated from a domestic chicken were amplified from the genomic RNA. Following cloning of the amplified cDNA fragments into pGEX4T-1 vector, two GST-fusion proteins (GST-HAln and GST-NAn) were expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified with glutathione sepharose columns; the recombinant GST-HAln and GST-NAn proteins were both used as immunogens in rabbits. The antigenicity of the rabbit antisera was analyzed by immunoblotting of the cell lysates prepared from AIV H9N2-infected MDCK cells. Overall, the recombinant HAln and NAn proteins fused to the C-terminus of GST and the rabbit antisera raised against the corresponding recombinant proteins would provide a valuable reagent for AIV diagnosis and basic research.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2012

In this study, a method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish an authenticity of meats for processed meat products. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S or 16S genes in mitochondrial DNA and the species-specific primers were designed by that PCR products' size was around 200bp for applying to processed products. The target materials were 10 species of livestock products and it checked whether expected PCR products were created or not by electrophoresis after PCR using species-specific primers. The results of PCR for beef, pork, goat meat, mutton, venison, and horse meat were 131, 138, 168, 144, 191, and 142 bp each. The expected PCR products were confirmed at 281, 186, 174, and 238 bp for chicken, duck, turkeymeat, and ostrich. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by species-specific primers. The method using primers developed in this study confirm to be applicable for composite seasoning including beefs and processed meat products including pork and chicken. Therefore, this method may apply to distinguish an authenticity of meats for various processed products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to improve the stability of Lactobacillus fermentum YL-3 as a poultry probiotics. The culture conditions that improve acid tolerance of L. fermentum YL-3 were investigated by changing several factors such as medium composition, temperature, anaerobic incubation and culture time. Also, L. fermentum YL-3 was encapsulated with alginate, calcium chloride and chitosan. The stable culture conditions of L. fermentum YL-3 were obtained in anaerobic incubation using MRS media without tween 80 for 20 hour at $42^{\circ}C$. The capsule after treatment with 1% chitosan was formed close membrane by a bridge bond. Immobilization of L. fermentum YL-3 in capsule was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and cell viability was $2.0{\times}10^9\;CFU/g$ above the average. L. fermentum YL-3 capsule after acid treated at pH 2.0 for 3 hour survived about 40%, but those encapsulated with 1% chitosan survived about 65%. Survival rate of capsule stored at room temperature decreased about $2{\sim}3$ log cycle during 3 weeks, but viability of capsule stored at $4^{\circ}C$ during 3 weeks maintained almost $10^8\;CFU/g$ levels.