• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.98-125
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• 2015

This study will show the determinants of research productivity by fields in science and engineering. However, we present the differences between fields by personal attributes, research resources, and research productivities. The data includes 1,383 researchers who participated in the BK21 PLUS program during 2010-2012. The fields are physics, chemistry, biology, mechanics, electricity and electronics and chemical engineering. As for research productivity, 3 indices are used such as the number of papers publicized, patents and combination of papers and patents. As for explanation factors, two kinds of variables are used. The personal factors include sex, age, academic rank, location of affiliation, and country of PhD acquisition, and the resource factors are the number of graduate students, 3 types of research funds such as government fund, industrial fund and overseas fund. This study is unique in several aspects; Dealing with 3 productivity indices, and using massive official data, 6 different fields, and determinants of research productivity. The results are as follows; 1) there is a big difference in determinants by fields. 2) No variables affect the research productivity of all the fields at the same time. 3) In science, the number of determinants are quite low than engineering. 4) The ratio between papers and patents are different by fields. 5) The correlations between paper and patent by fields are different; no relationship in the field of physics and chemistry and positive relationship in the other 4 fields.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.281-293
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• 1988

The effect of pH on the rate of PAH uptake was studied in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). In the absence of Na in incubation medium, a decrease in external $pH(pH_0)$ led to an increase in probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake by BLMV. In the presence of Na, the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake was unaltered when the $pH_0$ decreased from 8.0 to 6.0 but further decrease in $pH_0$ to 5.5 increased significantly the uptake. The probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake was not affected by an alteration in pH per se in the absence of a pH gradient with or without the presence of Na. However, the presence of Na stimulated the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake in all pH ranges tested over that measured in the absence of Na. A similar pattern of pH dependence on the PAH uptake was observed in BBMV but the presence of Na did not alter the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake in the presence and absence of a pH gradient. Kinetic analysis for BLMV showed that Na or pH gradient increased Vmax of the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake without a change in Km value. These results suggest that PAH is transported by $OH^-/PAH$ exchange process in the luminal membrane, but the pH dependence in the BLMV is not unequivocally consistent with an anion exchange process. The PAH transport is dependent on Na in BLMV but not in BBMV.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1990

The purpose of the present study was to examine the hemodynamic responses, especially in arterial and skin blood flows, in conjunction with the changes of plasma catecholamine levels as an indirect marker of adrenergic tone during the early stage of head-down tilt (HDT), and to evaluate the early physiological regulatory mechanism in simulated weightlessness. Ten mongrel dogs, weighing8\;{\sim}\;14\;kg, were intravenously anesthetized with nembutal, and postural changes were performed by using the tilting table. The postural changes were performed in the following order: supine, prone, HDT $(-6^{\circ}C)$ and lastly recovery prone position. The duration of each position was 30 minutes. The measurements were made before, during and after each postural change. The arterial blood flow $({\.{Q}})$ at the left common carotid and right brachial arteries was measured by the electromagnetic flowmeter. Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured by pressure transducer in the left brachial artery. To evaluate the peripheral blood flow, skin blood flow $({\.{Q}})$ was calculated by the percent changes of photoelectric pulse amplitude on the forepaw, and skin temperature was recorded. The peripheral vascular resistance (PR) was calculated by dividing respective mean BP values by ${\.{Q}}$ of both sides of common carotid and brachial arteries. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f) and PH, $Po_{2},\;Pco_{2}$ and hematocrit of arterial and venous blood were also measured. The concentration of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine was measured by radioenzymatic method. The results are summarized as follows: Tilting to head-down position from prone position, HR was initially increased (p<0.05) and BP was not significantly changed. While ${\.{Q}}$ of the common carotid artery was decreased (p<0.05) and PR through the head was increased, ${\.{Q}}$ of the brachial artery was increased (p<0.05) and PR through forelimbs was decreased. ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw was initially increased (p<0.05) and then slightly decreased, on the whole revealing an increasing trend. Plasma norepinephrine was slightly decreased and the epinephrine was slightly increased. f was increased and arterial pH was increased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the central blood pooling during HDT shows an increased HR via Bainbridge reflex and an increased ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw and brachial ${\.{Q}}$, due to decreased PR which may be originated from the depressor reflex of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. It is suggested that the blood flow to the brain was adequately regulated throughout HDT $(-6^{\circ}C)$ in spite of central blood pooling. And it is apparent that the changes of plasma norepinephrine level are inversely proportional to those of ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw, and the changes of epinephrine level are paralleled with those of the brachial ${\.{Q}}$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.347-351
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• 2008

We have fabricated and evaluated newNew high high-efficiency green green-light light-emitting phosphorescent devices with an emission layer of [$TCTA/TCTA_{1/3}TAZ_{2/3}/TAZ$] : $Ir(ppy)_3$ were fabricated and evaluated, and compared the electroluminescence characteristics of these devices were compared with the conventional phosphorescent devices with emission layers of ($TCTA_{1/3}TAZ_{2/3}$) : $Ir(ppy)_3$ and (TCTA/TAZ) : $Ir(ppy)_3$. The current density, luminance, and current efficiency of the a device with an emission layer of ($80{\AA}-TCTA/90^{\circ}{\AA}-TCTA_{1/3}TAZ_{2/3}/130{\AA}-TAZ$) : 10%-$Ir(ppy)_3$ were $95\;mA/cm^2$, $25000\;cd/m^2$, and 27 cd/A at an applied voltage of 10 V, respectively. The maximum current efficiency was 52 cd/A under the a luminance value of $400\;cd/m^2$. The peak wavelength and FWHM (FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the electroluminescence spectral were 513 nm and 65 nm, respectively. The color coordinate was (0.30, 0.62) on the CIE (Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage) chart. Under the a luminance of $15000\;cd/m^2$, the current efficiency of the a device with an emission layer of ($80{\AA}-TCTA/90{\AA}-TCTA_{1/3}TAZ_{2/3}/130{\AA}-TAZ$) : 10%-$Ir(ppy)_3$ was 34 cd/A, which has beenshowed an improvement of improved 1.7 and 1.4 times compared to those of the devices with emission layers of ($300{\AA}-TCTA_{1/3}TAZ_{2/3}$) : 10%-$Ir(ppy)_3$ and ($100{\AA}-TCTA/200{\AA}$-TAZ) : 10%-$Ir(ppy)_3$, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 1999

In CLO2 delignification and bleaching process, formation of chlorate corresponds to a loss of 20-36% of the original CKO2 charge. Because chlorate is inactive and harmful to environmental, it will be of benefit to find methods that can reduce the formation of chlorate during chlorine dioxide bleaching. Chlorate is mainly formed by the reaction HCIO +ClO2 $\longrightarrow$H+ + Cl_ +ClO3-2 On the other hand, AOX in chlorine dioxide bleacing is formed also due to the in-situ produced hypochlorous acid. THus both AOX and chlorate could be reduced by addition of hypochlorous acid. Some paper son the reduction of AOX by additives appeared , but systematic data on chlorate reduction as well as pulp and effluent properties are not available. THus this paper of focused on the effects on the reduction of chlorate and chlorine dioxide bleachability. The additives, fulfamic a챵, AMSO, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid were found to eliminate chlorine selectively in chlorine and chlorine dioxide mixture.However, when they were added to bleaching process, sulfamic acid and DMSO showed significant reduction of chlorate formation but hydrogen peroxide and oxalic aicd did not, and significant amount ofhydrogen peroxide was found resided in the bleaching effluent , In addition, sulfamic acid and DMSO decreased the bleaching end ph values while hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid did not, which also indicated that hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid were ineffective. The difference might be ascribed to the competitives of hypochlorous acid with lignin, chlorite (CKO2) and additives. Sulfamic acid and DMSO showed better pulpbrightness development but less alkaline extraction efficiency than hydrogen peroxide , oxalic acid and control, which means that insitu hypochlorous acid contributes to the formation of new chromophore structures that can be easily eliminated by alkaline extraction. DMSO decreased the delignification ability of chlorine dioxide due to the elimination of hypochlorous acid, but sfulfamic acid did to because the chlroinated sulfamic acid had stable bleachability. In addition, sulfamic acid, and SMSO shwed decreased color and COD of bleaching effluents, hydrogen peroxide decreased effluent color but not COD content, and oxalic acid had no statistically significant effects. No significant decreases of pulp viocosity were found except for hydrogen peroxide. Based on our results , we suggest that the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide on the reduction of AOX in literature might be explained by other mechanisms not due to the elimination of hypochlorous acid , but to the direct decomposition of AOX by hydrogen peroxide.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.165-187
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• 2017

This study analyzed the effects of TLO's organization size, expertise, and economic compensation on technology transfer performance using the panel data of Government-Funded Research Institutes in 2013-2016. First, the size of TLO personnel and budget have a positive effect on the technology transfer performance. However, in the case of TLO manpower, the statistical significance of the effect on the number of technology transfers was only 90%, and it did not affect royalty. Second, TLO expertise has a strong impact on technology transfer performance. It shows that the number of professional license holders, such as patent attorney or a technology valuer, has a statistically significant effect on the increase of the technology transfer number and the royalty under the 99% confidence level. However, unlike expected, the size of the Ph.D. did not seem to have any effect on technology transfer performance. Finally, the economic compensation for TLO does not affect both the number of technology transfers and the royalty. It does not seem to work as an appropriate incentive system, because the absolute size of the compensation is too small. The results of the above analysis suggest that it is important to secure expertise in order for the TLO organization to play a substantial role, and it is necessary to improve the economic compensation system to attract TLOs to technology transfer.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.268-273
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• 2014

$Y_2O_3$ ceramic specimens were fabricated from the granular powder, obtained by spray drying process from the slurry. The slurry was prepared by mixing PVA binder, NaOH for Ph control, PEG and $Y_2O_3$ powder. The $Y_2O_3$ specimen was shaped in size of ${\phi}14mm$ and then sintered at $1650^{\circ}C$. The characteristics, microstructure, densities and plasma resistance of the $Y_2O_3$ specimens were investigated with the function of forming pressure and sintering time. $Y_2O_3$ specimens were exposed under the $CHF_3/O_2/Ar$ plasma, the dry etching treatment of specimens was carried out by the physical reaction etching of $Ar^+$ ion beam and the chemical reaction etching of $F^-$ ion decomposed from $CHF_3$. With increasing sintering time, $Y_2O_3$ specimens showed relatively high density and strong resistance in plasma etching test.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.613-619
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• 2013

Konjac gel is known as a low calorie food, because the main component is water. Mugwort has been used for food and medicine for a long time due to itsfunctional property, which contains a lot of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, konjac noodle-added mugwort was prepared. The konjac gel was made by from a centrifuge after adding water, alkali and mugwort power in konjac flour. The centrifuge was used to remove air in the gel. After centrifuging by heating the gel in boiling water for one hour, konjac noodle was made by pressing using a flat heating press. The results are as follows. In the drying process of mugwort freeze drying after blanching in 1% $NaHCO_3$ solution is better than other drying methods. The physical properties (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess) of konjac gel were measured with a Rheometer. The optimum processing conditions were decided by these measured values. The optimum condition of making konjac gel is 9% concentration of konjac flour, a ph of 12.0, $Na_3PO_4$ coagulant and 1.5% concentration of mugwort power in konjac flour.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 1993

Artificial acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) and ground was treated on the seeded pots of 4 species to examine its effects on germination and survival rate, seedling growth and contact angles on needle surface. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water (pH 6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots two or three times per week for growing season, one times per week for winter seasons. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April, 1991 to early October, 1993. Germination and survival rate, soil acidity, seedling growth and contact angles on the needle surface were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows ; Artificial acid rain might have positive effects on growth-related characteristics of the seedlings in the first and second year of acid rain treatment, and the effects were differed among four species. All growth-related characteristics of the seedlings in third year, however, decreased with decrease of pH values of artificial acid rain. This was considered to the results of acidic accumulation over soil buffer capacity. Needle injury and biomass (defoliation) was correlated with the pH values of artificial acid rain, and this character might be a good criteria for early diagnosis of acid rain injury. The differences of soil acidity were significant among the treatments for all species. Contact angles between needle surface and water droplet decreased with decrease of pH values of artificial acid rain. Measuring and comparing contact angles might be very good criteria for early diagnosis of acid rain injury.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between salivary flow, salivary buffer capacity, level of mutans streptococci and dental caries experience in Korean dental college students. A total of 81 students of the school of dentistry, Chonbuk national university, mean age of 26.1 years, were subjected to oral examination to establish the DMFT and DMFS according to WHO guidelines. Saliva samples from the students were collected for quantitating stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Buffering capacity was estimated using a commercial colorimetric strip test, and number of mutans streptococci was determined from stimulated saliva using a strip mutans test. The means of DMFT and DMFS were 6.57 and 12.65, respectively. The stimulated salivary flow rate was correlated with DMFT(${\acute{o}}\;=\;-0.219$) and high levels of salivary mutans streptococci were significantly correlated with higher DMFT and DMFS scores(P<0.05). Level of mutans streptococci was significantly correlated with dental caries experience, in both DMFT and DMFS score, and buffering capacity was inversely correlated to DMFT score. However, unstimulated salivary flow rate was not correlated with caries experience.