• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.56-72
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• 2015

This study area for this research was the Taereung of the 2009 World Heritage-listed Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. The Taereung space was divided into that of the royal tomb space, religious service space, transposition space and entry space. The original vegetation is assumed to have been planted at the right, left and backside of the tomb based on historical research literature. Regarding the original vegetation landscape of Taeneung, it was assumed that Pinus densiflora was distributed around the tomb lines and tomb space, Pinus densiflora was distributed in the religion services space and transposition and Alnus japonica was distributed in the entry space. By the present status of vegetation in Taeneung, the Pinus densiflora forest was the widest area with 50.3% with the broadleaf forest at 33.7%. Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus mongolica were the main species found in Taeneung. The planting area was 7.9% and Pinus densiflora were the main species planted. To analyze the plant community structure of Taeneung, 108 plots were set and divided into four spaces. The importance of the percentage of those districts was analyzed on a spatial basis and it was found that the current dominant species of the tomb space was Pinus densiflora. However, as Pinus densiflora began dying out, the power of Quercus acutissima increased and an ecological succession from the Pinus densiflora forest to Quercus aliena forest was made. In the spaces of religious services and transposition, Pinus densiflora was decreasing and Quercus spp. was expanded. In the space of entry, the dominant species were Pinus densiflora and Quercus aliena, Pinus densiflora and Quercus aliena. As soil of this area is argillaceous, Pinus densiflora is expected to disappear in the end. The prior vegetation(assumed) and present vegetation of Taeneung were compared and analyzed and a goal of vegetation management and the way in which to manage vegetation were suggested. The goal of vegetation landscape management was to analyze ecological characteristics and vegetation changes, maintain and restore a landscape suitable for historical landscape forests by space. About the space of the tomb, Pinus densiflora forests and Pinus densiflora planting zones forests should be maintained and there should be efforts to restore and manage the Pinus densiflora forests, instead of the Quercus spp. forests. About the space of religious services, Pinus densiflora forests and Pinus densiflora planting zones should be maintained and managed and there should be efforts to restore and manage Pinus densiflora forests to replace Quercus spp. Pinus densiflora forests in the space of transposition should be maintained and managed and Pinus densiflora forests should be restored to replace Quercus spp. trees. Alnus japonica forests should be restored in the space of entry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.36-48
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• 2018

This study surveyed 599 elementary schools in Seoul to provide measures for the quantitative expansion and sustainable operation of environmentally-friendly school garden. Of all schools, 161 schools had formed and were operating school gardens. The total area of school gardens was $166,901m^2$ and the mean area was $131.2m^2$ in elementary, junior high and high schools in Seoul. Meanwhile, the total area of school gardens was $65,493m^2$ and the mean area was $363m^2$ in 161 schools that participated in the survey, indicating $1.15m^2$ per student. Of these schools, 11.8% were operating gardens themselves, while 50.3% were operating gardens that had been newly renovated or environmentally improved by institutional support projects after initially managing gardens themselves. According to the locations of school gardens, mixed-type gardening (a combination of school gardening and container vegetable gardening) accounted for 34.8%, followed by school gardening at 32.9%, container vegetable gardening at 29.2%, and suburb community gardening at 3.1%. Those in charge of garden operations were teachers at 51.6%, comprising the largest percentage. Facilities built when forming the garden included storage facilities for small-scale greenhouses and farming equipment at 26.1%, accounting for the largest percentage. No additional facilities constructed accounted for 21.7%. The greatest difficulty in operating gardens was garden management at 34.2%. The most needed elements for the sustainable operation of gardens were improvement in physical environment and the need for hiring a paid garden, each accounting for 32%. The most important purpose for school gardening was creating educational environments (81.6%). The major source for gaining information on garden management was consultation from acquaintances (67.8%). Schools that utilize plant waste from gardens as natural fertilizers accounted for 45.8% of all schools. Responses to the impact of operating school gardens for educational purpose were positive in all schools as 'very effective' in 63.2% and 'effective' in 36.8%. This study was meaningful in that it intended to identify the current status of the operation of school gardens in elementary schools in Seoul, support the formation of school gardens appropriate for each school with sustainable operation measures, implement a high-quality education program, develop teaching materials, expand job training opportunities for teachers in charge, devise measures to support specialized instructors, and propose the need for a garden management organization.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1117-1132
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• 2019

Forest covers 30% of the Earth's land area and plays an important role in global carbon flux through its ability to store much greater amounts of carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems. The Gross Primary Production (GPP) represents the productivity of forest ecosystems according to climate change and its effect on the phenology, health, and carbon cycle. In this study, we estimated the daily GPP for a forest ecosystem using remote-sensed data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and machine learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM). MODIS products were employed to train the SVM model from 75% to 80% data of the total study period and validated using eddy covariance measurement (EC) data at the six flux tower sites. We also compare the GPP derived from EC and MODIS (MYD17). The MODIS products made use of two data sets: one for Processed MODIS that included calculated by combined products (e.g., Vapor Pressure Deficit), another one for Unprocessed MODIS that used MODIS products without any combined calculation. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation coefficient (R), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the outcomes of the model. In general, the SVM model trained by the Unprocessed MODIS (R = 0.77 - 0.94, p < 0.001) derived from the multi-sites outperformed those trained at a single-site (R = 0.75 - 0.95, p < 0.001). These results show better performance trained by the data including various events and suggest the possibility of using remote-sensed data without complex processes to estimate GPP such as non-stationary ecological processes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

There are approximately 1,500 broiler farms in Korea, each raising 55,000 birds. Ninety-five percent of the farms are contracted with Integration Company. According to the Korean broiler performance index, broilers in Korea are marketed at 32 days with 1.52 kg of body weight. In contrast, the market age and body weight of broilers are 47 days/2.8 kg in the United States and 42 days/2.5 kg in Europe. Because of the younger market age of the Korean broiler, the pre-starter feed is important. Chicks exhibit poor absorption of dietary nutrients up to 7 days after hatching due to an immature digestive system and low enzyme secretion rate and activity. At the beginning of hatching, chicks obtain their nutrients from the egg yolk sac. It is highly recommended that chicks, after consuming the nutrients in the egg yolk sac, are given supplemented pre-starter feed to increase early growth rates and improve the performance of broiler production. Pre-starter nutrient requirements are not expressed in NRC, so Korean feeding standards for poultry and commercial breeding companies determine the nutrient requirements of pre-starter broiler chickens. Three approaches are followed to formulate specially designed pre-starter feeds for broiler chicks: (i) selective use of raw materials, (ii) proper standards of nutrient supply, and (iii) application of feed additives such as exogenous enzymes. In the selection of raw materials, those with high digestibility can be used. The absorption rate of carbohydrates in grains can be increased through feed processing at high temperature and high pressure. Soy proteins and fish meal can also be added as protein sources. As an energy source, vegetable oils are preferred over animal fats because of the former's high digestibility. It is suggested that the levels of proteins and amino acids are higher in pre-starter feed than in starter feed. With regard to energy, the sources of energy are more important than the levels of energy in feed. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes can be used to improve nutrient digestibility. In addition, organic acids and plant extracts can be used as alternatives to animal growth promoters to stimulate immunity and prevent diseases. The growth performance of broilers is affected by various factors, such as management and disease control, in addition to the nutritional strategy; however, nutritional strategies play an important role in improving the productivity of broilers. Therefore, nutritional strategies, along with management and disease control, are required for improving the productivity of broilers in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This research was conducted to investigate the possibilities of usage of germinated-buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum $M{\ddot{o}}ench$) by examining antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from different germinated root length of buckwheat. Antioxidant activity $(RC_{50})$ was shown higher in extracts of non-germinated seed $(50.41\;{\mu}g/mL)$ and root length 10 mm $(80.57\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 2 mm $(93.77\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 5 mm $(107.09\;{\mu}g/mL)$ than BHT $(163.96\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as a synthetic antioxidant. In antimicrobial activity, non-germinated and germinated seeds were formed inhibitory zone against S. aureus $(4{\sim}10\;mm)$, P. aeruginosa $(2{\sim}9\;mm)$ at the concentrations of $10{\sim}40\;mg/mL$ but B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhimurium were not apparent antimicrobial activity. Extracts of germinated seed also decreased their antimicrobial activity compared to non-germinated seed extract. In addition, the growth of Calu-6 was inhibited of both 5 mm root length germinated and non-germinated seeds $(800\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as 95.12% and 87.15%, respectively, but these did not show any influence on cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. Extracts of 2 mm and 5 mm germinated seeds were also inhibited against Calu-6 and SNU-601 cell lines.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1970

A pot experiment of paddy rice was carried out primarily to find out the effect of potash in relation to the application of wollastonite on paddy rice. The result which showed increased paddy rice yield has been evaluated from the factors of yield, yield components, soil and plant analysis data at different stages of plant growth and the summary of review is described as follows : 1. Effect of potash is likely to be greater in the presence of wollastonite and a larger quantity of wollastonite application would require correspondingly larger quantities of potash. 2. Application of potash and wollastonite resulted increased paddy rice yield may be largely due to increased contents of potassium, calcium and silica in the soil and increased concentration of $K_2O$, CaO and $SiO_2$, $SiO_2/N$ ratio and $K_2O/N$ ratio in rice straw. 3. The maximum paddy rice yield, at less than 300kg/10a application of wollastonite was obtained by applying 8kg of $K_2O$ per 10 are while 600kg/10a application of wollastonite gave the maximum yield by applying 16kg of $K_2O$ application per 10 are. 4. Application of wollastonite decreased the number of ears per hill and number of grains per ear. While ripening percentage and 1,000 grain weight tended to increase with wollastonite. The increased contents of CaO and $SiO_2$ in straw due to wollastonite application showed a negative correlation with the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear but a positive correlation was shown with ripening percentage and 1,000 grains weight. 5. Potash application appeared to be increasing the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear. There was a positive correlation exist between the higher content of $K_2O$ in rice straw and the number of grains per ear 6. Amount of nitrogen absorbed tended to decrease with increase in quantities of potash and wollastonite but the ratio of $SiO_2/N$ was increased by further application of potash and wollastonite. 7. $K_2O/N$ ratio was increased with incrementing in quantities of potash application but in the absence of potash, $K_2O/N$ ratio was decreased as to increasing wollastonite application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2000

High sodium contents in food-waste compost(FWC) is the greatest limitation to recycle it to arable lands in Korea. The effects of the FWC application to paddy soil on the growth of rice plants, cationic balance in plants, and the sodicity of soil have been studied in pot trials. The effects of FWC application were compared with those of NaCl compound and swine manure compost(SMC) application. $Na_2O$ contents of FWC were high as 2.2%. Immediately after transplanting, rice plants in three treatments showed severe wilting in the order of 40Mg FWC $ha^{-1}$ > NPK+900kg $NaClha^{-1}$ > 20Mg FWC $ha^{-1}$. The high EC value and volatile acid contents of soil solution were regarded as the cause of severe wilting of young rice plants. Increase of NaCl application rate upto $900kgha^{-1}$ showed no significant reduction of dry matter yield at harvesting stage. Regardless of application rates FWC reduced the dry matter yield at harvesting stage, while SMC increased it with increase of application rates upto $40Mgha^{-1}$. In NPK+NaCl and FWC treatments, Na contents and equivalent ratio in plants increased linearly with increase of Na application rates. Between Na and K equivalent ratio negative correlation with high significance was shown. In contrast to much difference of Na, K, and Na/K equivalent ratio among treatments, little difference of Na+K indicated the physiological substitution of Na for K in rice plants. Na use efficiency in NPK+NaCl and FWC treatments showed 12-22%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.259-268
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• 2005

Most of the tailings have been left without any management in their mines and have become the main source of serious environmental problems in nearby groundwater, stream and cultivated lands. To compare fractionation and potential mobility of heavy metals in tailings and paddy soils near abandoned 10-metalliferous mines in Korea, the distribution and chemical fractions of heavy metal and their mobility in relation to chemical compositions were investigated. The pollution index of heavy metal in mine tailing calculated with the permissible levels were in the order Cheongyang>Dogok>Beutdeun>Baegwoul mine, which were considered sufficient to raise environmental problems. The rates of 0.1M-HCl extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni to total content in paddy soils were 49.1, 50.7, 26.8, 18.4 and 2.9%, respectively, and their rates of heavy metals in paddy soils were higher than that of mine tailing. Dominant chemical forms of heavy metals in tailings were sulfide and residual form (63-91%), specially, the exchangeable portion of Cd (21%) was relatively higher than that of other metals in paddy soils. The mobility factor of heavy metals in tailings and paddy soils was in the order Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb, and the mobility factor in tailing varied considerably among the mines. The potential mobility of heavy metals in tailings showed significant positive correlation with water-soluble $Al^{3+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ contents, while in paddy soils, it correlated negatively with soil pH values.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.333-343
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to improve the utilization of liquid pig manure (LPM) for rice at the two textures of valley soil in 2000 and 2001. The soil textures were coarse loamy and fine loamy in Sachon and Jisan series, respectively. Treatments consisted of no fertilized plot, chemical fertilized plot, LPM 150%, LPM 100%, LPM 100%+NK (top dressing) 30%, LPM 70%+NK 30%, LPM 50%+NK 50% plot. LPM was applied as basal fertilizer compare to nitrogen of chemical fertilized plot. Total N contents in the LPM were 6.0 and $4.5g\;kg^{-1}$ in 2000 and 2001, respectively. After the experiment, P and K contents of soils were not difference between chemical and LPM application plots. But heavy metal contents in soils were slightly higher in LPM application plots than in chemical fertilized plot. Immediately after LPM application, ammonia gas content was $18mg\;kg^{-1}$ in LPM 150% plot, but it was $3mg\;kg^{-1}$ in LPM 50% plot. Two days after LPM application, ammonia gas content was 3 times higher in coarse loamy than in fine loamy soil. After rotary tillage, ammonia gas was not detected at all LPM treatments. This result suggests that rotary tillage can reduce the nasty smell of LPM quickly. Inorganic nitrogen, $NO_3$ and $NH_4$, contents in water of paddy was higher at coarse loamy soil from rice transplanting to tillering stage. After that season, inorganic nitrogen contents of water were not different according to soil texture and treatments. Content of $NH_4-N$ in soil solution was higher at LPM plots than chemical fertilizer plot. Total nitrogen contents in rice plant after harvesting were higher at chemical fertilization plot than LPM application plot, but K contents showed an opposite tendency. Rice yield was decreased only in LPM plots at two soil textures. But yield was not significantly difference between chemical fertilizer and LPM+top dressing plots at coarse loamy soil and increased 5% at LPM 50%+NK 50% plot at fine loamy soil in 2001.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of Menyanthes trifoliata habitat in coastal lagoons. To characterize plant composition in the habitats in the lagoon, the plot sampling method was applied. The depths of water and floating mat were measured. Surface water quality factors including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in the sites. Phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, and major cations were measured in laboratory. The wetland has 78 taxa of wetland plants. The average coverage and density of M. trifoliata was 62.6% and $71.2/m^2$, respectively and Phragmites australis is important associate in Sunyoodam lagoon. The average depths of floating mats were 26.5cm in M. trifoliata and 68.9cm in the P. australis-M. trifoliata communities, and the water depth below the mat was 106.5cm and 17.7cm, respectively. The values of pH, DO, EC and TDS in the water were 5.06, 46.1%, 59.4 ${\mu}s/cm$, and 29.3 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium showed 47.2, 9321, and 15.9 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, K, Na, and Mg had 11.1, 1.5, 15.1, and 11.3 mg/L, respectively. The habitats of M. trifoliata in the lagoon corresponds to a kind of lowland communities in Hewett's classification. To conserve the habitats of M. trifoliata in Sunyoodam lagoon, the supply of open water area, the construction of observation deck, and the block of inflow from the surrounding paddy fields are needed in the future.