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Research for Changing of Simgok Seowon's Arrangement (심곡서원 조영의 변화에 대한 고찰)

  • Sim, Joon-Yong;Kim, Wang-Jik
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.17-25
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    • 2016
  • Simgok Seowon is the commemorative shrine and academy established for scholar Jo Gwangjo (pen name : Jeongam). The shrine (sangnyangsik) and the east and west dormitories (Dongjae and Seojae) were built in 1636. The lecture hall, Imsimnu Pavilion, Sananggak and Munhyanggak buildings were built successively. Simgok Seowon is the only one that survived through the abolishment of seowon ordered by Regent Heungseon in the 19th century. The original seowon was renowned as a representative example showing the typical lecture hall in front and dormitory at the back (jeondanghujae) layout of the Giho School built in 1650. Two archaeological excavations were conducted in the lecture hall courtyard in 2004 and 2007~2008, which prompted debates the position of the dormitories in respect to the lecture hall, whether the dormitories should be placed in front, or at the back of the lecture hall. Simgok Seowon had been long known as a representative example of the lecture hall in front layout, but the excavations revealed contrasting evidence, suggesting the possibility for a dormitories in front layout. Recent studies and evidence show that the architecture of Simgok Seowon can be grouped into three phases. The first phase was when the shrine and both dormitories were built to the rear of the lecture hall, the second phase was when the lecture hall, Imsimnu Pavilion, Sananggak and Munhyanggak buildings were built, and lastly the third phase when the east, west dormitories were reconstructed in front of the lecture hall. The large scale construction of Simgok Seowon is related to the education based management of the academy by Doam Yi Jae, and the 17~18th century remains confirmed from the archaeological excavations are evidence of this. Remains for Imsimnu Pavilion, Sananggak, and Munhyanggak buildings have yet to be confirmed, and spaces to the south and east of the seowon are unidentified. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct investigations and research for the unexcavated spaces of the seowon, to conduct in-depth studies and for the effective adaptive re-use of the seowon.

Dendrochronological Dating for the Gwanghanru Pavilion, Namwon, Korea (남원 광한루 목부재의 연륜연대 분석)

  • Park, Won-kyu;Kim, Yo-jung;Han, Sang-hyo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.152-163
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    • 2014
  • In this study, Gwanghanru Pavilion (Namwon-si, Cheonbuk Province) was dated by tree rings of pines (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., 'sonamu' in Korean). The present Gwanghanru Pavilion is composed of three parts: main, wing and entrance parts. The main part is known to have been built in 1626 and the entrance hall in 1879, but the date of construction of the wing part is still unknown. We dated a total of 55 wood samples which were replaced during the repair process in 2001~2002. Tree-ring dates indicated that both main and wing parts were built in 1626. Tree rings also revealed that the entrance hall was constructed in 1880~1881, and both main and wing parts were heavily repaired together while appending the entrance hall. In conclusion, dendrochronology, i.e., tree-ring dating, was a useful and accurate method to identify the critical dates-such as the dates of original construction, reconstruction, repairs and extensions-for the history of Korean traditional buildings.

A Literary Study on the Management of the JeongJaGak(丁字閣, T shaped building) of the Joseon Royal Tombs in the Late Joseon Dynasty - Focusing on the JeongJaGak damage record of Gakneung Suri Deungnok(Records relating to the repair of royal tombs, 1675-1713) - (조선 후기 왕릉 정자각 관리에 대한 문헌적 고찰 -『각릉수리등록(各陵修理謄錄, 1675-1713년)』의 정자각 훼손기록을 중심으로-)

  • Hong, Eun-Ki;Hwang, Jong-Kook;Chang, Hun-Duck
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.37-48
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    • 2023
  • A literature study was conducted on the management of the pavilion of the royal tomb in the late Joseon Dynasty, focusing on "Gakneung Suri Deungnok(Records relating to the repair of royal tombs)". This study analyzed the royal tomb management system, organized the types of damage identified in the building, and examined how the damage status was recorded by type. In the above, the records related to the 1675~1713 repair of three JeongJaGak(Geonwonneung, Sungneung, and Mokneung), which are registered as state-designated cultural properties, are summarized in three aspects: management system, damage status, and expression words. The results of the study are as follows. First, the royal tomb pavilion was regularly inspected by Observator(觀察使) in spring and autumn, and Surunggwan(守陵官) every 5th, and Servant(守僕) regularly inspected every day and night, and also inspected and reported emergency cases of natural disasters or unexpected damage. Second, the damage status of each building was continuously observed and reported for the continuous maintenance of the buildings in the royal tomb. A total of 75 records of damage to the three royal tombs' pavilion were found to have been most frequently inspected, including 19 cases (25.3%), 14 cases (18.7%), 23 cases (30.7%) of the roof, and 19 cases (25.3%) of the roof. Third, the expression of the damage status is confirmed in various ways, such as separation, separation, burst, damage, excitation, moisture, leakage, and exfoliation. Among them, the main damage records were confirmed due to the separation of the base from the peeling, the furniture, cracks, leaks, leaks in the roof, and the collapse of the roof was able to check the damage records.

Utilization of Pavilions by a Group of Governors in Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do During the Early Joseon Period, Revealed by Miam Diary and Jaeyeongnam Diary (『미암일기』와 『재영남일기』에 드러난 조선 전기 전라도·경상도 관찰사 일행의 누정 활용)

  • Lim, Hansol
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.7-21
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    • 2023
  • This research aims to understand the specific aspects of the utilization of the pavilion by a group of governors in the mobile office system of the early Joseon Dynasty through two diaries written in the 16th century. Miam Diary by Yu Hee-chun, a governor of Jeolla Province, and Jaeyeongnam Diary by Hwang Sa-woo, a chief aide of Gyeongsang Province, are important historical materials that reveal the utilization patterns of the pavilion by the governor, who was the decision maker and main user of governmental pavilions. As a result of analyzing the two diaries, the utilization of governmental pavilions was concentrated in the hot summer season, May to July, which is closely related to the perception of temperature and humidity. While pavilions are mostly used as office and banquet places, some notable usage patterns have been identified. When there were several governmental pavilions in a town, the order of appreciation was determined by considering the location and scenery, and the pavilions were also used as a place to encourage learning as governors taught Confucian scholars well. Governmental pavilions functioned as a device to visualize hierarchy through seating and accommodation arrangements. The authors of the diaries left comments on the famous pavilions and sometimes went to see the pavilions after asking for permission from the superior. This research is meaningful in that it reconstructed the relationship network and phases of the times of governmental pavilions scattered across the country through institutions and daily life.

Historical Studies on the Characteristics of Jondeokjeong in the Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace (창덕궁 후원 존덕정(尊德亭)의 조영사적 특성)

  • Song, Suk-Ho;Sim, Woo-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.31-43
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    • 2014
  • The purposes for this research were to find the correct building background of Jondeokjeong(尊德亭) in the rear garden of Changdeok Palace(昌德宮) based on the historical facts for the area of Jondeokjeong and investigate the internal theory of construction through the metaphysical consideration. The results were as follows. 1. Building background of Jondeokjeong was related to Sohyunseja(昭顯世子) and Bongrimdaegun(鳳林大君) as forms of rear garden where was not built in the area of Jondeokjeong, bamboo pavilion, hexagonal pavilion, octagonal pavilion, etc. They were built two or three times after returning of Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun from China, and the area of Jondeokjeong was continuously developed by building Chunhyanggak(天香閣), Mangchunjeong(望春亭) and Cheoknoidang(滌惱堂) after Hyojong(孝宗) succeeded the royal authority of Hyunjong(顯宗) who was born in Shenyang(瀋陽) and hung a signboard of Jondeokjeong after then, etc. 2. Dazhengjeon(大政殿) of Shenyang Palace(瀋陽故宮, 1625) played the roles of major hall, Jeongjeon(正殿) which held national big events as a one-storied building with two piles of roof similar with Jondeokjeong (1644). Also, it was the building encountered when Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun participated in breakfasts held in the palace or banquets supervised by a king, so building background of Jondeokjeong was judged to be related with Dazhengjeon. 3. In consideration of characteristics which are shown commonly in Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, relations of two buildings were verified and characteristics of Jondeokjeong were examined. First, dragon which is representatively symbolizing royal authority was formed. Therefore, Jondeokjeong was judged as a garden building which purposes were to obtain and train natural reasons, govern the nation and let people comfortable. Second, the purposes of sun dial, Ilyoungdae(日影臺) were judged to examine the accurate time and express appropriateness of the king. Third, Taechungmun(太淸門) around there is related to Samcheong(三淸) of Taoism and judged to be caused by floral wall and secular happiness accomplishment for king's longevity without disease. Fourth, for building style, one-stories pavilion of duplicated roof and building with only cylinder were to king's embodiment of supporting the sky and governing the nation.4) 4. By examining the differences between Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, Jondeokjeong's own characteristics were considered. First, constructive characteristics of Jondeokjeong were changed by existing of pond and it was changed for characteristics, location and function of pavilion built in the garden while accepting oversea culture and embodied by absorbing to Joseon culture. Second, the appearance of the pond in Jondeokjeong was shown as the situation that half moon typed pond with the form of young moon is full by stream to the East. It was to express movement of moon which was always changed through the form of pond and stream of water iconographycally and it was considered as an imaginary environment method of the period.

The Formation Process of Tribal Landscape through Place Attachment of the Haeju Oh Family at Gohak-ri, Geochang (거창 고학리 해주오씨의 장소애착을 통해 본 종족경관의 형성과정)

  • Lee, Hyun-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.28-37
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    • 2013
  • This research, which sought to conjecture the formation process of tribal landscape while confirming the method and characteristic of place attachment of the Haeju Oh Family, which is rooted within the village and the Yongwon Pavilion and Garden of Gohak-ri, Mari-myeon, Geochang-gun, Gyeongnam, reached the following conclusion based on the interpretation and analysis of cultural and scenic elements such as the names and sculptures nearby the village and Yongwon Pavilion and Garden. This place is where Goohwagong Oh Sue, a Haeju person, settled down. This is also where his descendants were refined while yearning for their ancestors. The Yongwon Pavilion was established in 1964. It can be sufficiently known that this place was managed and maintained as a garden-like place where the spirit of yearning was shared and which was the basis of the life and entertainment of descendants after being the monumental place for Master Oh Guhwa, through stories, documents, nearby facilities, and writings on many rocks. It is clear that the meaning of 'Bang-Hak(訪鶴) and Jung-Hak (停鶴)' which is carved in many places around this area and Gohak-ri, which symbolizes the Hakbong(crane peak), the vein of Wonjak-dong which is one of the Ahneuisamdong(three outstanding scenic places of Ahneui), is a scenic language explaining the ecological settlement and lives of the Haeju Oh Family. When considering the definition of a sense of place as "a 'social device' made by discussions and practice rather than its existing as a substance," the many structures scattered around the village, Yongwon Pavilion Garden, and nearby designations show the monumental place inheritance of tribal group clearly exhibiting the characteristics of a Korean sense of place. Ever since Guhwagon Oh Sue settled down in Guhak-ri, the tribal group of Haeju Oh Family went through a life settlement phase and landscape formation phase by realizing the sense of place. Afterwards, while yearning for ancestors and repeatedly rooting down in the place, territoriality expanded and the place was reproduced. In particular, timber houses and monuments were constructed during the Japanese Colonization Period, and after independence, the Yongwon Pavilion was constructed through place reproduction, and monumental tribal landscape is currently being expressed in various forms to this day. Thus, allowing to reach the conclusion of 'Tribal Landscape of Gohak-ri, Mari-myeong, Geochang-gun,' which we perceive today. The products of territorial expansion formed by the repeating phenomenon of place rootedness and place attachment by tribal groups are in fact the substance of tribal landscape. Through such, it is possible to confirm the true spirit of place attachment and the earnest interest and affection of descendants towards a unique place that is repeatedly constructed and inherited within the group memory.

A STUDY ON THE JUJEON OF AUTOMATIC CLEPSYDRA IN EARLY JOSEON DYNASTY (조선 전기 자동물시계의 주전(籌箭) 연구)

  • YUN, YONG-HYUN;KIM, SANG HYUK;MIHN, BYEONG-HEE;OH, KYONG TAEK
    • Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.65-78
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    • 2021
  • Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

Research of private landscape architecture of the Tang Era in ancient China -based on excavated excellent articles and a book <洛陽名園記> called Nakyangmyungwonki- (중국 고대 당대(唐代) 민간 조경[사가원림(私家圓林)] 연구 - 출토된 명기(明器)와 낙양명원기를 중심으로 -)

  • Park, Kyung-Ja
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.38
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    • pp.285-303
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    • 2005
  • Through the excavated excellent articles of the Tang era, we have considered the building techniques and styles of a square pavilion, an octagonal pavilion, a miniature hill, a pond, etc., could read building techniques of the scenic structures on ancient literatures including records and additionally about their poetical life at that time and inquired into the arrangement, structure, building techniques, etc. of a miniature hill, a pond, a pavilion, a flowerplant, etc., on Nakyangmyungwonki. Thus, under the research on the private landscape architecture, especially the nobility gardening, around excavated excellent articles and literatures, 'A miniature hill(假山) and a pond for landscaping views formed the center of a garden, and additionally a pavilion was built and flowerplants were set. The miniature hill of laying stones and having a carven, steeping, stratifying, looking like dyed green and birds' singing among hills and eating water on the lakeshore${\ldots}$' was expressed. The pond of digging in the ground and conducting water had its water system developed. There were several kinds of pavilions such as 廳, 堂, 館, 亭, 臺, 樓, 閣, 榭, etc. As examples of landscaping plants, there were a bamboo, a lotus flower, a peony, aromatic trees a pine, a korean spindle tree, a big cone pine, an empress tree, a wild walnut, a peach, a plum, a Japanese apricot tree, an apricot tree, a chrysanthemum, arrowroot vines, etc. Thus, the garden of the Tang era, abundant, diverse and excellent, enjoyed the prime of the period of prosperity. Due to cultural exchange, it is supposed that the period of united Shilla of the same age would meet with the period of prosperity in the developmental history of Korea landscape, based on the nobility garden system '4 different dwelling-houses every season on a record "四節游宅"'.

Comparative Analysis of Dietary Intake for Introduction of Meal Service in Pavilion of the Elderly living in Rural Area (농촌거주 노인정 급식도입을 위한 식생활 비교 평가 연구)

  • Kim, Haeng-Ran;Ju, Min-Jeong;Moon, Hyun-Kyung;Kim, Hae-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.765-774
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    • 2007
  • Aging rate of rural area in our country is relatively high compared to that of the urban area. Thus, the introduction of meal service for the elderly residing in the rural area is necessary for their better living quality. Food habit, health and the nutritive intake conditions during the busy farming season were surveyed and comparative analysis of dietary intake for the introduction of meal service in pavilion of the elderly living in Chungnam, Kangwon, Jeonnam and Kyungbuk was performed for basic reference data of meal service introduction to the pavilion of the elderly in rural area. In general subject, the male elderly had a significant difference in marital state and showed that 79.4% was married and 20% was separated by death(P<0.05). In allowance, there were no significant difference but most of them lived with less then three hundred thousand won and especially, female lived with less then one hundred thousand won. In health state, the female elderly showed significant difference on difficulty with every day activity but with small trouble although they had to prepare their own meal(P<0.05). The condition dental health conditions of the female elderly had a significant difference showing bad conditions in following order; Kangwon(48%)>Chungnam(38.1%)>Kyungbuk(22.9%)>Jeonnam(22.5%)(p<0.05). The female elderly showed a significant difference in usage of denture and number of the female elderly without using the denture were very high(p<0.05). In nutrition intake condition, amount of sodium was very high but intakes of fiber and calcium were relatively 1ow(P<0.05). Meal service introduction in the pavilion of the elderly is suggested for the improvement of the life quality of the elderly in rural area. When developing the menu for them, conditions such as shortage of the fiber and calcium in diets, the dental conditions should be considered.