• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2013

In this paper, we introduce and study the concept of "strongly $t$-linked extensions", which is a stronger version of $t$-linked extensions of integral domains. We show that for an extension of Pr$\ddot{u}$fer $v$-multiplication domains, this concept is equivalent to that of "$w$-faithfully flat".

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.169-172
• /
• 2006

Leaflet number of soybean controlled by Lf2 locus is the important trait in photosynthesis and plant type. The objective of this research was to identity molecular markers linked to the lf2 locus. A total of $115F_2$ plants were derived from a cross between normal three-leaflet type Sinpaldalkong (Lf2Lf2) and seven-leaflet mutant type T255 (lf2lf2). All leaflet counts of parents and $F_2$ individual plants were made in the field on fully expanded leaves on the main stem when terminal growth of the main stem had ceased. One-thousand 10-mer oligonucleotide RAPD primers and 664 SSR primers were used. The segregation ratios of 3 : 1 were observed in the $F_2$ population and the Chi-square values strongly suggested that the seven-leaflet was controlled by a single recessive gene. A genetic map was constructed from the 15 segregating markers (9 RAPDs, 5 SSRs, 1 lf2 locus). OPAD03 and OPAI13 RAPD markers were linked to the lf2 locus that controlled seven-leaflet type at a distance of 20.5 and 23.5 cM, respectively. Molecular markers identified in this study linked with lf2 locus will be helpful to locate lf2 locus on the public soybean molecular linkage map and would be useful for tagging the lf2 locus that controls seven-leaflet trait.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.182-187
• /
• 2018

In carcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts participate in force-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, consequently leading to invasion of cancer cells. Likewise, the ECM remodeling actively occurs in glioblastoma (GBM) and the consequent microenvironmental stiffness is strongly linked to migration behavior of GBM cells. However, in GBM the stromal cells responsible for force-mediated ECM remodeling remain unidentified. We show that tumor-associated mesenchymal stem-like cells (tMSLCs) provide a proinvasive matrix condition in GBM by force-mediated ECM remodeling. Importantly, CCL2-mediated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) activation increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 in tMSLCs and led to collagen assembly and actomyosin contractility. Collectively, our findings implicate tMSLCs as stromal cells providing force-mediated proinvasive ECM remodeling in the GBM microenvironment, and reminiscent of fibroblasts in carcinoma.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.241-254
• /
• 2007

This paper propose a new short-term interest rate model having a different nonlinear drift function and the same diffusion coefficient with Chan et al. (1992) model. The fractional polynomial power of the drift function in our model is linked to the local volatility elasticity of the diffusion coefficient. While the nonlinear drift function estimated by $A\"{\i}t$-Sahalia (1996a) and others has a feature that higher interest rates tend to revert downward and low rates upward, the drift function estimated by our nonlinear model shows that higher interest rate mean-reverts strongly, but, medium rates has almost zero drift and low rates has a very small drift. This characteristic coincides the empirical result based on the nonparametric methodology by Stanton (1997) and the implication by the scatter plot of the short rate data.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.1350-1355
• /
• 2004

The sprA and sprB genes, encoding the chymotrypsin-like proteases Streptomyces griseus protease A (SGPA) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB), and the sprT gene that encodes Streptomyces griseus trypsin (SGT) were cloned from S. griseus and were overexpressed in various strains of S. griseus. When the sprT gene was introduced into S. griseus, trypsin activity increased 2-fold in the A-factor deficient mutant strain, S. griseus HH1, and increased 4-fold in the wild strain, S. grise us IFO 13350. However, there was no detectable increase of chymotrypsin activity in the transformants of S. griseus with either sprA or sprB, in contrast to the results obtained from S. lividans as a heterologous host. To solve the negative gene dosage effects in S. griseus, either the sprA or the sprB genes with their own ribosome binding sites were linked to the downstream of the entire sprT gene, and the coexpression efficiency was examined in S. lividans and S. griseus. The transformants of S. lividans with either pWHM3-TA (sprT+sprA) or pWHM3­TB (sprT+sprB) showed 3-fold increase of trypsin activity over that of the control, however, only the transformant of pWHM3-TB demonstrated 7-fold increase in chymotrypsin activity, indicating that the pWHM3-TB has a successful construction for the overexpression of chymotrypsin in Streptomyces. When the coexpression vectors were introduced into S. griseus IFO 13350, the trypsin level sharply increased by more than 4-fold, however, the chymotrypsin level did not increase. These results strongly suggest that the overexpression of the sprA and sprB genes is tightly regulated in S. griseus.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.84-96
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop instruction model of environmental problem process focused with environmental justice. This study has analyzed environmental problem solution process in social studies of elementary school from 4th grade to 6th grade with it. The results of this study are as follows. First, social studies of elementary school didn't show distributive justice in environmental problem solving process. Second, procedural justice existed, but offered information is lacking to each main group. Third, substantive justice was emphasized personal viewpoint. We developed instruction model of environmental problem solving process based upon the results. Component of instruction model is problem analysis, distributive justice, procedural justice, substantive justice and evaluating a solution. Timely, teachers can use and can apply it in social studies class. In conclusion, it is strongly recommend to teach environmental education linked with environmental justice. It enables us enhance a new awareness and attitudes towards sustainable development.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2008

Mushrooms are regarded as one of the well-known foods and biopharmaceutical materials with a great deal of interest. Polysaccharide ${\beta}$-glucan is the major component of mushrooms that displays various biological activities such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and antihyperlipidemic effects. In this study, we compared the immunostimulatory potency of polysaccharide fractions, prepared from liquid culture of pine-mushroom Tricholoma matsutake, with a potent immunogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their molecular mechanisms on the functional activation of macrophages. We found that fraction II (TMF-II) was able to comparably upregulate or highly enhance the phenotypic functions of macrophages such NO production and cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-${\alpha}$) expression, to LPS. TMF-II triggered the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, a critical step for NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and translocation. Of the upstream signaling enzymes tested, Src and Akt were thought to be the responsible upstream signaling components in induction of NO production, although TMF-II strongly upregulated the phosphorylation of all MAPK pathways. Therefore, our data suggest that T. matsutake-derived ${\beta}$-glucan may exert its immunostimulating activities with similar potency to LPS via activation of multiple signaling pathways linked to NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.690-699
• /
• 2022

Background: Few studies reported the therapeutic effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in lung inflammatory diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory role and underlying molecular in cadmium-induced lung injury have been poorly understood, directly linked to chronic lung diseases (CLDs): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer etc. Therefore, in this study we aim to investigate the therapeutic activities of water extract of KRG (KRG-WE) in mouse cadmium-induced lung injury model. Method: The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying mechanisms of KRG-WE were evaluated in vitro under cadmium-stimulated lung epithelial cells (A549) and HEK293T cell line and in vivo in cadmium-induced lung injury mouse model using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), luciferase assay, immunoblotting, and FACS. Results: KRG-WE strongly ameliorated the symptoms of CdSO4-induced lung injury in mice according to total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and severity scores as well as cytokine levels. KRG-WE significantly suppressed the upregulation of inflammatory signaling comprising mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and their upstream enzymes. In in vitro study, KRG-WE suppressed expression of interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and IL-8 while promoting recovery in CdSO₄-treated A549 cells. Similarly, KRG-WE reduced phosphorylation of MAPK and c-Jun/c-Fos in cadmium-exposed A549 cells. Conclusion: KRG-WE was found to attenuate symptoms of cadmium-induced lung injury and reduce the expression of inflammatory genes by suppression of MAPK/AP-1-mediated pathway.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.234-241
• /
• 2009

Purpose : We investigated the relationship between thyroid hormone and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL-6) and N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods : Serum levels of thyroid hormone, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NT-proBNP were measured in 52 KD patients in the acute and subacute phase and 10 patients with acute febrile illness (control group). TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Echocardiography was performed to detect coronary artery lesions (CAL) in KD patients. Results : Low $T_3$ syndrome occurred in 63.5% of KD patients. $T_3$ in the acute phase of KD was lower than that in the control. In KD patients, $T_3$ was lowered in the acute phase and elevated in the subacute phase, whereas TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and NT-proBNP were elevated in the acute phase and decreased in the subacute phase. NT-proBNP, and IL-6 were higher in patients with low $T_3$ than in those with normal $T_3$. In addition, $T_3$ inversely correlated with IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Of the 4 patients with CAL, 3 had very low $T_3$. Compared with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-responsive patients, IVIG-resistant patients had lower $T_3$ and higher IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Conclusion : $T_3$ decreases in the acute phase of KD and normalizes in the subacute phase without thyroid hormone replacement. Low $T_3$ may be partially induced by IL-6 rather than TNF-${\alpha}$, and is strongly associated with high NT-proBNP. $T_3$ in KD may be used for the differential diagnosis, monitoring the activity of the disease, and predicting the severity of inflammation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.483-494
• /
• 1993

Cell surface antigenic relationships between pathogenic mycobacteria have been investigated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using phenolkilled cells and their rabbits antisera. Homologous and heterologous reactions of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare antisera before and after homologous and heterologous absorption revealed a close antigenic relationship between strains of the same species and between species if they were members of M. avium(MA)-intracellulare(MI)-scrofulaceum(MG) complex. MAI sera showed a considerable reaction with M. kansasii(MK) and tuberculosis(MTB), but not with the other species. MA(K40004) antiserum reacted with other mycobacteria except few strains of MI and 50~89% of homologous reaction was reduced by heterologous absorption with cells of MI or MS. Intraspecific reaction of MI antisera was natural1y stronger than interspecific reaction and different in extent due to a magnitude of antigenic sharing. Antigenic relationships between N-260D, N-260R, N-260T, and K41014 was somewhat closer than that with N-242D, N-257T, N-28ID, and N-275T. M. nonchromogenicum(MNC) antisera showed a strong interspecific reaction with exception of M. chelonei(MC) and triviale(MTV) to which they reacted weakly or none. Antigenic sharing with M. terrae(MTR) and MG(K30003) was next to intraspecific sharing. NC-3 shared antigens considerably with MA, MC, and M. fortuitum(MF) while NC-11 did not. MTR antisera showed a strong cross-reaction with MI but their homologous reaction was not reduced by MI absorption indicating a paucity of shared antigen of MTR surface. Intraspecific antigenic sharing of course was large with on exception between T-8 and T-13. A considerable amount of antigenic sharing was also found with MNC, MC and MF. Unlike T-8 serum, T-13 antiserum strongly cross-reacted with MA, MG, MK, and MTB. In general, antigenic relationships of mycobacteria, that have been elucidated in this study, well conformed to taxons delineated by the various biological and biochemical means.