• Title/Summary/Keyword: (n, k) -way System

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Human Visual System-Aware Optimal Power-Saving Color Transformation for Mobile OLED Devices (모바일 OLED 디스플레이를 위한 인간 시각 만족의 최적 전력 절감 색 변환)

  • Lee, Jae-Hyeok;Kim, Eun-Sil;Kim, Young-Jin
    • Journal of KIISE
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.126-134
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    • 2016
  • Due to the merits of OLED displays such as fast responsiveness, wide view angle, and power efficiency, their use has increased. However, despite the power efficiency of OLED displays, the portion of their power consumption among the total power consumption is still high since user interaction-based applications such as instant messaging, video play, and games are frequently used. Their power consumption varies significantly depending on the display contents and thus color transformation is one of the low-power techniques used in OLED displays. Prior low-power color transformation techniques have not been rigorously studied in terms of satisfaction of the human visual system, and have not considered optimal visual satisfaction and power consumption at the same time in relation to color transformation. In this paper, we propose a novel low-power color transformation technique which strictly considers human visual system-awareness as well as optimization of both visual satisfaction and power consumption in a balanced way. Experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves better human visual satisfaction in terms of visuality and also shows on average 13.4% and 22.4% improvement over a prior one in terms of power saving.

Design of Microstrip Array Antenna for Satellite Reception (위성수신용 마이크로스트립 어레이 안테나 설계)

  • Kim, Jang-Wook;Jeon, Joo-Seong
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.19 no.10
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    • pp.71-79
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    • 2014
  • In this paper, the microstrip array antenna is studied to replace the parabolic antenna in the direct satellite reception. A microstrip array antenna has been used in extremely limited area, but if it is applied to practical life like a direct satellite reception antenna, we expect that it will be used in various way. First of all, if we use a microstrip array antenna for a direct satellite reception antenna, it should be guaranteed characteristics of broadband frequency. Therefore, the goal of this paper is designing technique an antenna which guarantees broadband frequency band for a direct satellite reception. In this paper, the proposed microstrip antenna is fed by orthogonal two feed lines to a rectangular patch and a sequentially rotated feeding technique is designed proposed for a good axial ratio in broadband frequency band. The rectangular patch is designed to satellite reception band, and the width and length are W=L=8.9 mm ($0.352{\lambda}o$) respectively. The antenna's ground plane has dimensions of $250{\times}250mm$. The experimental results verify that the proposed antenna had the axial ratio of above 1dB broader than that of the conventional feeding antenna. In order to verify the performance, a $8{\times}8$ array having two pairs was fabricated and tested. The maximum gain is 20.8 dB, the sidelobe level confirm less than -10 dB. It is verified by link budget calculation that C/N=6.7 dB can be obtained for domestic use if this proposed antenna is used in Koreasat reception system.

Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Serum Mineral Chemistry as Affected by Dietary Sodium and Sodium Salts Fed to Broiler Chickens Reared under Phase Feeding System

  • Mushtaq, M.M.H.;Pasha, T.N.;Saima, Saima;Akram, M.;Mushtaq, T.;Parvin, R.;Farooq, U.;Mehmood, S.;Iqbal, K.J.;Hwangbo, J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.26 no.12
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    • pp.1742-1752
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    • 2013
  • A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.

Effect of Close kinetic chain and Open kinetic chain Position on Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Applied to the Unilateral Upper Extremity on the Muscle Activation of Lower Extremity (닫힌사슬과 열린사슬 자세에서 편측상지에 적용된 PNF가 양측 하지의 근 활성도에 미치는 영향)

  • Han, Hyang-Wan;Kim, Sang-Soo
    • PNF and Movement
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.17-27
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of close kinetic chain(CKC) and open kinetic chain(OKC) posion on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation applied to the unilateral upper extremity on the muscle activation of lower extremity. All subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: open kinetic chain group(n=5),closed kinetic chain group(n=5). All participants were PNF patterns applied on the unilateral upper extremity in all subjects were the kinetic chain(CKC) and open kinetic chain(OKC) posion on flexion/abduction/external rotation. The hold and approximation techniques for the irradiation were applied to end range. All measurements for each subject took the following tests: pre-test, post - test in 4weeks, post-testin 8weeks. EMG data was collected from the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle of both lower extreamity using surface EMG system, Each EMG value in individual muscle was normalized for maximal voluntary contraction. The data were analyzed using Two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) with repeated measures to determine the statistical significances. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, during for close kinetic chain(CKC) and open kinetic chain(OKC) posion on PNF pattern application, all of the %MVIC values of close kinetic chain and open kinetic chain posion increased sign ificantly compared(p<0.05). Second, The close kinetic chain(CKC) and open kinetic chain(OKC) posion on PNF pattern application was significantly increased with in the intervention period(p<.05). Third, there was a no significant open kinetic chain posion on PNF pattern application of sing muscle group with in the intervention period.(p<0.05) there was a significant close kinetic chain posion on PNF pattern application of sing muscle group with with in the intervention period(p<0.05). Forth, interaction of the exercise position and muscle was also significant. Post-hoc tests revealed that the activation levels of vastus medialis muscle and tibialis anterior muscle was higher in the closed kinetic chain position(p<.05). that the activation levels of vastus medialis and gastrocnemius muscle was higher in the open kinetic chain position(p<.05). In conclusion, it was found that the application of PNF patterns to the unilateral upper extremity effect on the muscle activation of lower extremity and both open kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise was significantly increased muscle activity. Further studies are needed to analyzed long term effects and subjects resulting from these changed.

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Screw Loosening of Various Implant Systems (수종의 임플랜트 시스템의 나사풀림에 관한 연구)

  • Ahn, Jin-Soo;Cho, In-Ho;Lim, Ju-Hwan;Lim, Heon-Song
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.81-91
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    • 2002
  • Dental implant systems have shown many post-surgical problems and One of the most frequent problem is screw loosening. To reduce screw loosening, a number of methods have been tried and recently fundamental modification of fixture-abutment connection structure was developed and used the most frequently. Former implant system structure, such as Br${\aa}$nemark, had external hex with the height of 0.7 mm and later, fixture with external hex of 1.0 mm height and internal hex structure were developed. In addition, the method of morse taper application was introduced to reduce screw loosening. In this study, the level of screw loosening of each implant systems was compared based on the vibration loosening measurement of abutment screw of each implant systems. Analysis of measured value was performed using 3 kinds of methods, (i) Percentage of average of initial 3 times loosening-torque value(initial loosening value) to tightening-torque of 30 Ncm, (ii) Percentage of loosening-torque value after 200 N strength loaded(experimental value) to initial loosening value and (iii) Percentage of experimental value to 30 Ncm of tightening-torque. Each result of analyses shows the value of initial loosening, loosening by repetitive load and final loosening level. The results of this study were as follows. (1) Percentage of initial loosening value to tightening-torque was increased in order of 0.7 mm external hex, 1.0 mm external hex, internal hex and internal taper and all values between each groups showed statistical significance (p<0.05). (2) Percentage of experimental value to initial loosening value was increased in order of internal hex, 0.7 mm external hex, 1.0 mm external hex and internal taper. Value of internal taper showed significant difference with that of 0.7 mm external hex and internal hex (p<0.05). (3) Percentage of experimental value to tightening torque was increased in order of 0.7 mm external hex, 1.0 mm external hex, internal hex and internal taper. Values of all groups showed statistical significance (p<0.05) except between the groups of 1.0 mm external hex and internal hex. Based on those results, there was no significant difference of loosening-torque by repetitive loading except internal taper. It is supposed that implant system with high resistant capability against initial loosening could be recommended for clinical use. In addition, in case of single implant restoration, 1.0 mm external hex or internal hex could be recommended rather than 0.7 mm external hex, and the use of internal taper would be the most useful way to reduce screw loosening.

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF APICAL SIZES ON THE APICAL SEALING ABILITY OF THE MODIFIED CONTINUOUS WAVE TECHNIQUE (Modified Continuous Wave Technique을 이용한 근관충전시 형성된 치근단 크기가 치근단 폐쇄에 미치는 영향)

  • Ryu, Mu-Hyun;Jung, Il-Young;Lee, Seung-Jong;Shin, Su-Jung;Kim, Eui-Seong
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.66-75
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    • 2008
  • This study examined the influence of the apical sizes on the sealing ability of a root canal filling. Thirty-six single rooted teeth with a single canal were divided into 3 groups (n = 12) and instrumented with either the $Profile^{(R)}$ or $LightSpeed^{(R)}$ system to achieve three different apical sizes (master apical file [MAF] of #25, #40, or #60). The teeth were filled with gutta perch a using a modified continuous wave technique. The level of microleakage was determined by immersing ten teeth from each group into India ink for 1 week followed by clearing with nitric acid, ethyl-alcohol, and methylsalicylate. The microleakage was measured using vernier calipers. The data was analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and a Student-Newman-Keuls Method. Two teeth from each group were sectioned horizontally at 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm from the apex in order to observe a cross section. The apical size was significantly (p < .05) influenced the level of microleakage. In the Student-Newman-Deuls Method, MAF sizes of #25 and #40; and MAF sizes of #25 and #60, respectively showed a statistically significant difference. There was no significant difference between #40 and #60. In most cross sections, oval-shaped canals were observed, and the irregularity of the internal surface increased with decreasing apical size. There was also an increase in the area of recess, which is the area where the canal space is not filled with either gutta-percha or sealer. When the root canals are filled using a modified continuous wave technique, canal filling with more consistent and predictable outcome may be expected as the apical preparation size is increased.

Research on the Plan of Oriental Medical Participation in the Industrial Health (산업보건에의 한의학적 참여방안에 관한 연구)

  • Lee E.K.;Chong M.S.;Chun E.J.;Kim S.T.;Kang S.H.;Lee S.K.;Han J.M.;Kim S.C.;Yu T.S.;Jeung J.Y.;Song Y.S.;Lee K.N.
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.55-77
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    • 1999
  • Oriental Medical Service established foundation that Oriental medical clinic can take part in industrial health service by being specified industrial calamity medical treatment organ, but research which develope program that Oriental Medical Service approach on the occupational disease and industrial health only dealt in the Western Medical System was insufficient. So we studied on theoretical foundation and basic bearing about .program of oriental medical health examination in the workplace, it is based on explanation and assessment reformed by western medicine. We reached the conclusion as follows, 1. We must reconsider the concept that mind of Oriental medicine is preventive medicine, and assess positively result of social medicine. 2. Importance of industrial health is being enlarged in the category of health care. 3. Western medical health in including industrial health have faced much problems at this time, we can search by alternative proposal grafting on Oriental Medicine. 4. Oriental medical participation in the industrial health have various benefits at side satisfaction of workers, effect of prevention, efficiency of cost, and increasing rate of medical treatment and return to workplace of workers with industrial calamity. 5. We must consider Oriental Medical Health Examination as one way of health management program of workers, not as formality. 6. The advantage of Oriental Medical Health Examination can increase ability of individual health management in preventive medicine and the production in workers' health management.

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Effects of low salinity stresses on the physiology of disc abalone, Haliotis discus discus (저염분 자극에 의한 둥근전복, Haliotis discus discus의 생리학적 변화)

  • Jwa, Min-Seok;Kang, Kyung-pil;Choi, Mi-Kyung;Yeo, In-Kyu
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.293-303
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    • 2009
  • Effects of stress on the low salinity stress were examined in the pacific abalone Haliotis discus discus. Changes in survival rate, hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD), respiratory burst activity, phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA were measured 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48hours after low salinity treatment with 25, 30, 33 and 35 psu. Survival rates of pacific abalone were 100% at 33 and 35 psu, but 93 and 97% at 25 and 30 psu for 48 hours, respectively. Hemolymph counts decreased in the time elapsed-dependent way at all of the experimental groups. At low salinity, 25 and 30 psu, SOD and CAT activity increased compared to the experimental group of 33 psu. Moreover, respiratory burst activities of the pacific abalone seemed to have no effect on low salinity stress at any experimental group. However, phenoloxidase activity is an important component of the defence against pathogen that was decreased in a reduction of salinity dependent way. Lysozyme activity also immediately reduced at 25 psu experimental group for 48 h. The HSP70 mRNA was weakly expressed at 33 psu, but strongly detectable at 25 psu experimental group. The HSP 70 mRNA expression in gill increased in the time elapsed-dependent way at 25 psu experimental group and then recovered at 48 h. These results suggest that low salinity stress give rise to inhibitory action of immune system as a result of the decrease of phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity in the pacific abalone, especially.

Development of User Based Recommender System using Social Network for u-Healthcare (사회 네트워크를 이용한 사용자 기반 유헬스케어 서비스 추천 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Hyea-Kyeong;Choi, Il-Young;Ha, Ki-Mok;Kim, Jae-Kyeong
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.181-199
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    • 2010
  • As rapid progress of population aging and strong interest in health, the demand for new healthcare service is increasing. Until now healthcare service has provided post treatment by face-to-face manner. But according to related researches, proactive treatment is resulted to be more effective for preventing diseases. Particularly, the existing healthcare services have limitations in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome such a lifestyle disease, because the cause of metabolic syndrome is related to life habit. As the advent of ubiquitous technology, patients with the metabolic syndrome can improve life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity without the constraints of time and space through u-healthcare service. Therefore, lots of researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the personalized healthcare service for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. For example, Kim et al.(2010) have proposed a healthcare model for providing the customized calories and rates of nutrition factors by analyzing the user's preference in foods. Lee et al.(2010) have suggested the customized diet recommendation service considering the basic information, vital signs, family history of diseases and food preferences to prevent and manage coronary heart disease. And, Kim and Han(2004) have demonstrated that the web-based nutrition counseling has effects on food intake and lipids of patients with hyperlipidemia. However, the existing researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the predefined one-way u-healthcare service. Thus, users have a tendency to easily lose interest in improving life habit. To solve such a problem of u-healthcare service, this research suggests a u-healthcare recommender system which is based on collaborative filtering principle and social network. This research follows the principle of collaborative filtering, but preserves local networks (consisting of small group of similar neighbors) for target users to recommend context aware healthcare services. Our research is consisted of the following five steps. In the first step, user profile is created using the usage history data for improvement in life habit. And then, a set of users known as neighbors is formed by the degree of similarity between the users, which is calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient. In the second step, the target user obtains service information from his/her neighbors. In the third step, recommendation list of top-N service is generated for the target user. Making the list, we use the multi-filtering based on user's psychological context information and body mass index (BMI) information for the detailed recommendation. In the fourth step, the personal information, which is the history of the usage service, is updated when the target user uses the recommended service. In the final step, a social network is reformed to continually provide qualified recommendation. For example, the neighbors may be excluded from the social network if the target user doesn't like the recommendation list received from them. That is, this step updates each user's neighbors locally, so maintains the updated local neighbors always to give context aware recommendation in real time. The characteristics of our research as follows. First, we develop the u-healthcare recommender system for improving life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Second, the proposed recommender system uses autonomous collaboration, which enables users to prevent dropping and not to lose user's interest in improving life habit. Third, the reformation of the social network is automated to maintain the quality of recommendation. Finally, this research has implemented a mobile prototype system using JAVA and Microsoft Access2007 to recommend the prescribed foods and exercises for chronic disease prevention, which are provided by A university medical center. This research intends to prevent diseases such as chronic illnesses and to improve user's lifestyle through providing context aware and personalized food and exercise services with the help of similar users'experience and knowledge. We expect that the user of this system can improve their life habit with the help of handheld mobile smart phone, because it uses autonomous collaboration to arouse interest in healthcare.

A Study on Shear Bond Strength of Core-veneer Interface for Bilayered all Ceramics (Bilayered all Ceramics에서 Core와 Veneer 계면의 전단결합강도에 관한 연구)

  • Jung, Yong-Su;Lee, Jin-Han;Lee, Jae-In;Dong, Jin-Keun
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.231-242
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the bond strength of the core-veneer interface in all ceramic systems. Material and Methods: The all ceramic systems tested with their respective veneer were IPS Empress 2 with IPS Eris, IPS e.max Press with IPS e.max Ceram and IPS-e.max ZirCAD with IPS e.max Ceram. Cores (N=36, N=12/group, diameter: 10mm, thickness: 3mm) were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instruction and cleaned with ultrasonic cleaner. The veneer(diameter: 3mm, thickness: 2mm) were condensed in stainless steel mold and fired on to the core materials. After firing, they were again ultrasonically cleaned and embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 week. The specimens were placed in a mounting jig and subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine(Z020, Zwick, Germany). Load was applied at close to the core-veneer interface as possible with crosshead speed of 1.00mm/min until failure. Average shear bond strengths(MPa) were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test(${\alpha}=.05$). The failed specimens were examinated by scanning electron microscopy(JSM-6360, JEOL, Japan). The pattern of failure was classified as cohesive in core, cohesive in veneer, mixed or adhesive. Results: The mean shear bond strength($MPa{\pm}SD$) were IPS e.max Press $32.85{\pm}6.75MPa$, IPS Empress 2 $29.30{\pm}6.51MPa$, IPS e.max ZirCAD $28.10{\pm}4.28MPa$. IPS Empress 2, IPS e.max Press, IPS e.max ZirCAD were not significantly different from each others. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that adhesive failure did not occur in any all ceramic systems. IPS Empress 2 and IPS e.max Press exhibited cohesive failure in both the core and the veneer. IPS e.max ZirCAD exhibited cohesive failure in veneer and mixed failure.