• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.128-136
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• 2015

Reducing the building energy consumption has become one of the most important issues. However, the current engineering and technological involvement in energy analysis has been relatively low in the existing buildings. In the existing buildings, end-use analysis must be accompanied to calculate the exact amount in energy savings and such analysis should be conducted based on the energy billing data or measurement data by calibration process. Mostly, detailed energy simulation programs have been proposed for the analysis but, it is difficult to utilize them due to realistic problems. In this paper, we developed an end-use analysis tool that have input function for energy audit data and two case studies were conducted in the real-life office buildings located in Seoul, Korea. Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Coefficient of Variation of Root-Mean- Squreaed-Error (CV(RMSE)) are used for the criteria of comparison. Each index was calculated by using monthly utility bills of electricity and gas consumption. Results showed that MBE and CV (RMSE) represented with acceptable values of -0.1% and 5.7% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

The cellularity and composition of the spleen lymph node thymus and peripheral blood and tempo of regeneration were studied at various time points after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation(BMT) in C3H/Hen mice. Significant depression of absolute lymphocyte count was noted on week 1 after lethal whole-body irradiation and BMT. In comparison to the lymph node thymus and spleen had an rapid regeneration of cellularity. The distinct cell populations($CD4^+,\;CD8^+,\;CD28^+,\;B220^+) have determined in the lymphoid tissue of mice subjected to irradiation. The relative representation of these subpopulations was significantly different from that in nonirradiated control. $CD4^+\;and\;CD8^+$ cells were present in very low numbers whereas the $B220^+$ cells reached more than normal range at 2 weeks after BMT. The number of $CD4^+$ cells returned to normal relatively soon than $CD8^+$ cell. At week 4 after BMT, the cellularity and composition of spleen lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocyte reached about 50% of the normal range therefore we can choose this time point for the other tests of immune function after BMT.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

In this paper, the issue of the differential ring oscillator in designing low phase noise is linearity improvement of delay cell's load resistor. A novel differential delay cell that improves on the Maneatis load is proposed. The linearity improvement of load resistor results in lower phase noise in ring oscillator. For comparison of the phase noise characteristics, Ali Hajimiri's phase noise model is used. In order to have a low ISF(impulse sensitivity function), it is important to have a symmetry between rise time and fall time of oscillation waveform. The ISF value of ing oscillator based on the proposed delay cell is lower than that of the existing ring oscillators. Due to this result, the phase noise is improved by 2~3dBc/Hz for the same power dissipation and oscillation frequency.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1103-1108
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• 2010

This study was conducted to be used as basic data of environmental friendly construction planning by comparing and analyzing thermal environment, find particles and biotope area rate according to land cover types of outside space of schools located in Chung-ju. When meteorological factors were analyzed according to land cover types, for temperature planting area and paved area showed low-and high-temperature ranges, respectively, and relative humidity was negatively related with temperature as low-and high-temperature ranges corresponded to high-and low-humidity ranges, respectively. For Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index (WBGT) by land cover types, it was observed to be artificial grass> bare land> natural grass. Find particles were different according to land cover types of playground with being bare land> artificial grass> natural grass in the order. Bare land playground, where there were artificial factors and no absorption of fine particles through stomata of leaves as a function of natural circulation, recorded the highest level of $39.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and the level was relatively higher compared to the levels by season in Chung-ju. Biotope area rate showed the order of M elementary school> K elementary school> C commercial high school. That was considered to be caused by the difference of land cover type of school playground accounting for a large part of a school.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.448-454
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• 2008

Two full-length cDNAs, PutPMP3-1 and PutPMP3-2, encoding PMP3 family proteins were isolated from Puccinellia tenuiflora, a monocotyledonous halophyte. Expression of both genes was induced by low temperature, salt stress, dehydration, ABA, and $NaHCO_3$. Transcripts of PutPMP3-2 were more strongly induced by these stresses relative to those of PutPMP3-1, particularly under low temperature and dehydration conditions. Expression of PutPMP3-1 and PutPMP3-2 in yeast mutants lacking the PMP3 gene can functionally complement the membrane hyper-polarization and salt sensitivity phenotypes resulting from PMP3 deletion. To compare the functions of PutPMP3-1 and PutPMP3-2, the orthologous genes in rice (OsLti6a and OsLti6b) were isolated. Both OsLti6a and OsLti6b could functionally complement the loss of PMP3 in yeast. PutPMP3-2 and OsLti6a were more effective in reversing membrane hyperpolarization than PutPMP3-1 and OsLti6b. However, the four yeast transformants each showed similar levels of salt tolerance. These results imply that these PMP3 family members don't function identically under different stress tolerance conditions.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.523-527
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• 2012

Objective : The incidence of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is rare. Patients with SSEH, however, present disabling neurologic deficits. Clinical outcomes are variable among patients. To evaluate the adequate treatment method according to initial patients' neurological status and clinical outcome with comparison of variables affecting the clinical outcome. Methods : We included 15 patients suffered from SSEH. Patients were divided into two groups by treatment method. Initial neurological status and clinical outcomes were assessed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. Also sagittal hematoma location and length of involved segment was analyzed with magnetic resonance images. Other factors such as age, sex, premorbid medication and duration of hospital stay were reviewed with medical records. Nonparametric statistical analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to overcome small sample size. Results : Among fifteen patients, ten patients underwent decompressive surgery, and remaining five were treated with conservative therapy. Patients showed no different initial neurologic status between treatment groups. Initial neurologic status was strongly associated with neurological recovery (p=0.030). Factors that did not seem to affect clinical outcomes included : age, sex, length of the involved spinal segment, sagittal location of hematoma, premorbid medication of antiplatelets or anticoagulants, and treatment methods. Conclusion : For the management of SSEH, early decompressive surgery is usually recommended. However, conservative management can also be feasible in selective patients who present neurologic status as ASIA scale E or in whom early recovery of function has initiated with ASIA scale C or D.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.751-759
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• 2008

In this study, the effect of an unsteady flow field around a body of aerostatic/aerodynamic forces were investigated using rectangular cylinders (B/D = 2, 3, 4, 5). Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was introduced to the analysis of the fluctuating pressure field that was measured on the stationary/oscillatory B/D=4 rectangular cylinder, and the characteristics of the proper functions with flow patterns were identified. In addition, the physical decoupling and interactions in the different co-existing flow patterns were investigated through POD. The comparison with the identified proper function associated with a particular flow pattern revealed that the Karman vortex is almost not affected by the separation bubble, but that the Karman vortex considerably interferes in the development of the separation bubble around the trailing edge. It can be considered that the Karman vortex induces the increment of the curvature of the substantial separated flow.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2007

We have demonstrated the resonant resistance pattern changes of the polymer film in the quartz crystal analysis by the function of the molecular polarity phase transition phenomena. PVA and PMMA/PVAc blend films were used as hydrophilic and/or hydrophbic film, respectively. In the comparison between the hydrophilic shows the pattern changes near by the phase transition temperature. For more detailed explanation, the static capacity in the oscillation parameter was measured and the morphology of Au quartz crystal electrode was studied by AFM. It is suggested that the different resonant resistance pattern change is reliable in the condition of different polarity, and the conclusion is important to analysis of the real mechanism a normal quartz crystal experiments.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.693-701
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• 1997

In 1992, Prevotella intermedia was shown to be comprised of another spoecies now known as Prevotella nigrescens. Strain ATCC 33563 is now designated the type strain of P. nigrescens while strain ATCC 25611 is remains the type strain of P. intermedia. The purpose of this study was to find the differences in protein profiles of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens, using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which can be used for differentiation of those two species. A partial amino acid sequence of the 18.6 kDa protein band, which was specific in P. nigrescens, was also determined. The cellular proteins were extracted from the cell pellets of pure cultures of P. intermedia. and P. nigrescens by either sonication or being shaken continuously for 20 min at $21^{\circ}C$ with 1 % SDS or being boiled for 3 min with 1 % SDS. SDS-PAGE was performed according to the method of laemmli using either 12% (w/v) gels or 18% (w/v) gels. Results were as follows ; 1. The similar electrophoretic protein profiles were shown by 3 cellular protein extraction methods for each strain. (Fig. 1 and 2) 2. the 18.6 kDa band which was specific only in P. nigrescens could be used for the differentiation of P. intermedia. and P. nigrescens. (Fig. 1 and 2, Table 1) 3. A total of 4 different tryptic fragments from the 18.6 kDa protein were sequenced. the resulting amino acid sequences were fragment 1.GNPVNIGGEW, 2.FNVVR, 3.NYLT-VAPY, and 4.GGDNVTTYQVLPEIGYN. By comparison to the sequences of known proteins in the Swiss-Prot database and PIR database. 90 % matching between fragment 1 and serine hydroxymethyl transferase(P24060) in the Swiss-Prot, and 90% matching between fragment 1 and glycine hydroxymethyl transferase(S15203) in the PIR were shown, but the identity and function of the 18.6 kDa protein remains unknown.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.13-21
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• 2020

This study tested the wood used in building interiors; each type had various incident heat fluxes based on their thickness. The combustion characteristics measured were effective heat of combustion, heat release rate peak and arrival time, maximum average rate of heat emission, and piloted ignition temperature. The wood specimens used in the experiment were 4.8 to 18 mm thick. 25, 35, 50, and 60 kW/㎡ were applied to the incident heat flux that the wood specimens were exposed to. The wood specimens tested were two types of medium-density fiberboard (each with a different density), treated red pine, particle board, and plywood. A comprehensive comparison of different fire characteristics was conducted to analyze the fire patterns corresponding to each type of wood in this way, the risk of fire was studied. The risk of fire was particularly high for particle board. The results of quantifying the fire characteristics of the types of wood studied could function as important input data with which to calculate the fire load of composite combustibles.