• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.508-513
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• 2016

To investigate the potential therapeutic effects of polyphenols in treating Pb induced renal dysfunction and intoxication and to explore the detailed underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control groups (CT), Pb exposure groups (Pb), Pb plus Polyphenols groups (Pb+PP) and Polyphenols groups (PP). Animals were kept for 60 days and sacrificed for tests of urea, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Histological evaluations were then performed. In vitro studies were performed using primary kidney mesangial cells to reveal detailed mechanisms. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to evaluate cell viability. Pb induced cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging were tested by DCFH-DA. Expression level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-1-${\beta}$ (IL-1-${\beta}$) and IL-6 were assayed by ELISA. Western blot and qPCR were used to measure the expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38. Polyphenols have obvious protective effects on Pb induced renal dysfunction and intoxication both in vivo and in vitro. Polyphenols reduced Pb concentration and accumulation in kidney. Polyphenols also protected kidney mesangial cells from Pb induced apoptosis. Polyphenols scavenged Pb induced ROS generation and suppressed ROS-mediated ERK/JNK/p38 pathway. Downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines were inhibited in consistency. Polyphenol is protective in Pb induced renal intoxication and inflammatory responses. The underlying mechanisms lie on the antioxidant activity and ROS scavenging activity of polyphenols.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2017

This methodological study was conducted to test a Professional Moral Courage Scale(PMCS) translated in Korean for 196 nursing students in Changwon, Korea. Data were collected from January 13 to February 20, 2017. An internal consistency reliability and construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. These items were categorized into 4 factors explained 62.20% of the total variance. 4 factor model was validated by CFA(${\chi}2/df=1.89$, p<.001, RMR=.055, GFI=.93, AGFI=.89, CFI=.92, RMSEA=.067). The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .79 and the reliability of subscales ranged from .44 to .80. The results show that this scale can provide scientific and empirical data when evaluating the PMCS of further clinical nurses, it is meaningful in the sense that it is the first attempt to measure the moral courage needed to provide a good nursing.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2008

The self-report measure is a useful tool for evaluating self-recognized disability and difficulty in daily living activities. Although many studies and clinics used the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS) for measuring neck pain and functional impairment, there has not been much adaptation of this for use with Korean patients. The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of NPDS among Korean neck pain patients. Fifty-five subjects (32 males, 23 females) with neck pain enrolled in this study. They completed standardized self-administered questionnaires. The NPDS measures pain intensity; its interference with vocational, emotional, recreational, social, and functional aspects of living; and the presence and extent of associated factors. Reliability was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. Validity was examined by correlating the NPDS scores to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score. The test-retest reliability of the translated versions of the NPDS was good ICC (2,1)=.86 (95%CI .76~.92). Cronbach's alpha value for NPDS was found to be .93, and this was statistically significant (p<.05). The criterion-related validity coefficient was .79 (p<.Oll. We conclude that the Korean version of NPDS has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of neck pain. Successful linguistic and cultural translation will admit appropriate cross-cultural comparison for clinical analysis. Therefore, this study can be expected to be used as an adequate evaluation scale for neck pain related studies and treatments.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2010

We proposes a new approach for testing the self visual-acuity by using the KS standard optotype. The proposed system provides their hand-gesture recognition method for the convenient response of subjects in the visual acuity measurement. Also, this system can measure a visual-acuity that excludes the examiner's subjective judgement or the subject's memorized guess, because of presenting a random optotype automatically by computer without a examiner. Especially, Our system guarantees the reliability by using the KS standard optotype and its presentation(KS P ISO 8596), which is defined by the Korea Standards Association in 2006. And the database management function of our system can provide the visual-acuity data to the EMR client easily. As a result, Our system shows the 98% consistency in the limit of the ${\pm}1$ visual-acuity level error by comparing the visual-acuity chart test.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the PTSD scale (K-PTSD) for measuring attitudes and knowledge of PTSD. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. The K-PTSD scale consisted of 8 items for attitudes, 8 items for general knowledge of PTSD, and 3 items for knowledge of PTSD treatment; 211 nursing students and paramedic students participated. Content validity, item analysis, and factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity. Criterion validity was tested by using educational experience with PTSD as a criterion. Cronbach's α was used to identify internal consistency reliability in the attitude scale. Results: Construct validity of the K-PTSD was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loadings for attitude ranging from .59 to .84. Criterion validity in comparing knowledge of PTSD (t=2.02, p=.044) and PTSD treatment (t=3.19, p=.022) showed a significant difference according to PTSD educational experience. Cronbach's α for the attitude scale was .79 and .59. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the K-PTSD is a valid and reliable tool that can measure attitudes and knowledge of PTSD among nursing and paramedic students. However, further study is needed to retest the verification of this scale with more diverse participants.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2018

Background: Workplace bulling is a pervasive phenomenon with negative consequences for the health of victims and the productivity of organizations. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and forms of workplace bullying among employees working at the public health-care sector of Cyprus using the Greek version of Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT) instrument. Methods: A translation process was followed from the French to the Greek version of LIPT questionnaire. Test-retest reliability expressed by Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.98 indicating excellent reproducibility. Internal consistency reliability assessed by Cronbach ${\alpha}$ coefficient was 0.87 suggesting high reliability. LIPT instrument was distributed among 403 employees working at the primary health-care setting and at the largest public hospital of Cyprus with response rate of 73.4%. Results: Women comprised the majority of participants (71.4%). Mean age was 43.3 years. Prevalence of workplace bulling according to Leymann's definition was 5.9%. Most common forms of bullying were "Being continuously interrupted" (17.2%) and "continuously being given new work assignments" (13.5%). Women were significantly more often exposed to at least one mobbing behavior than men within the previous year (49% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.038), whereas nurses were significantly exposed to at least one mobbing behavior as compared to physicians (53.3% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.004). Conclusion: This was the first study that examined the prevalence of workplace bullying in the public health-care sector by elaborating the Greek version of LIPT instrument. Results showed that workplace bullying is a common and complex phenomenon among health-care organizations.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.307-317
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (K-PICSS) for postpartum mothers. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The K-PICSS was developed through forward-backward translation. Online survey data were collected from 284 Korean mothers with infants 1-2 months of age. The 19-item K-PICSS consists of functional and structural domains. The functional domain of social support measures infant care practices of postpartum mothers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and known-group comparison were used to verify the construct validity of the K-PICSS. Social support and postpartum depression were also measured to test criterion validity. Psychometric testing was not applicable to the structural social support domain. Results: The average age of mothers was 32.76±3.34 years, and they had been married for 38.45±29.48 months. Construct validity was supported by the results of EFA, which confirmed a three-factor structure of the scale (informational support, supporting presence, and practical support). Significant correlations of the K-PICSS with social support (r=.71, p<.001) and depression (r=-.40, p<.001) were found. The K-PICSS showed reliable internal consistency, with Cronbach's α values of .90 overall and .82-.83 in the three subscales. The vast majority of respondents reported that their husband or their parents were their main sources of support for infant care. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the K-PICSS has satisfactory construct validity and reliability to measure infant care social support in Korea.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was the development and validation of knowledge scale for patients with breast cancer (KS-Br) in Korea. Methods: The process included the construction of a conceptual framework, generation of preliminary items, and the test of validity and reliability of the scale. Thirty-seven items were developed through an evaluation process by 10 experts and 24 items were finally confirmed through item analysis. Psychometric testing was performed with a convenient sample of 303 women with breast cancer. The data was analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and calculation of KR-20. Results: Participants averaged 70.8% correct on the test. The KS-Br has 24 items consisting of 5 categories: incidence of breast cancer, diagnosis and treatment, symptom management, sexuality, and maintenance of daily life. Validity was supported by the use of content validity, known-group technique, and criterion-related validity. Women who had undergone education intervention scored significantly higher than women who had not (p<.001). KS-Br scores were significantly correlated with those of Mishel's Illness Uncertainty Scale (r=-.214, p<.001). Internal consistency of the KS-Br was appropriate (KR20=.805). Conclusion: This study reveals that the KS-Br is reliable and valid scale to measure the knowledge of breast cancer. Therefore, this scale can be effectively utilized to assess the knowledge of patients with breast cancer regarding their disease.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1365-1378
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• 1999

This study is a methodological research study to develop an instrument to measure in patients with cancer and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows : 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. This conceptual framework was organized in to three dimensions (the intrapersonal dimension, the significant-other and context related dimension, the transcendental dimension). Initially 59 items were adopted. 2) These items were analyzed through the index of content validity(CVI) and 53 items were selected which met more than 80% on the CVI. 3) The pretest was carried out with 87 patients with cancer. After the pretest results were analyzed by item analysis, 44 items were selected. A second test of content validity was conducted and 6 items were eliminated considering the 80% CVI. 4) To test for reliability and validity, data collection was done during the period from January 25, 1999, to February 26, 1999. The subjects for the test were 160 patients with cancer and 185 healthy persons. analysis, item analysis and multitrait-multimethod method to analyze validity. The findings are as follows : 1) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .92 for the total 38 items and .79, .82, .85, for the three dimensions in that order. 2) The item analysis was based on the corrected item to total correlation coefficient( .30 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. 3) As a result of the initial factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation, one item was deleted because of factor complexity (indiscriminate factor loadings). In the secondary factor analysis, 7 factors with eigenvalue of more than 1.0 were extracted and these factors explained 56 percents of the total variance. The seven factors were labeled as 'family relationship', 'emotional condition', 'physical discomfort', 'meaning and goal of life', 'contextual stimuli', 'change of body image', 'guilt feelings'. 4) The convergence effect between this instrument and the life satisfaction scale was identified and there was significant positive correlation(r= .52, p= .00). The discriminant validity between this instrument and the depression scale(CES-D) was tested and there was significant negative correlation(r= -.50, p= .00). The instrument for accessing the suffering of patients with cancer developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessment in caring for patients with cancer.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.747-757
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• 2019

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Nurse-Patient Interaction Scale (K-NPIS) for the elderly, at long-term care hospitals in Korea. The original NPIS was developed to identify important characteristics of elderly patient experiences regarding nurse-patient interactions in nursing homes. Totally, 202 hospitalized elderly patients at 4 long-term hospitals in Jinju-si, Suncheon-si, and Namwon-si, were enrolled in the study and completed the questionnaire. For internal consistency, Cronbach's α of K-NPIS was 0.96 after item analysis. K-NPIS was validated using the confirmatory factor analysis and content validity. The content validity score was more than 0.80, establishing the appropriateness and readiness of the tool through group discussions between clinical experts and elderly patients. The K-NPIS is a 10-point scale comprising 12 questions. K-NPIS scores between different residential groups were significantly different, and showed no ceiling or floor effect. The internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and discriminative validity of K-NPIS was adequate. However, criterion validity requires further examination. Our findings suggest that K-NPIS serves as an appropriate measure of nurse-patient interaction when applying the nursing care intervention for elderly.