• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2007

We introduce the notions of (L,M)-neighborhood spaces and (2,M)-fuzzifying neighborhood spaces. We investigate the relations among (L,M)-neighborhood spaces, (L,M)-topological spaces and (2,M)-fuzzifying neighborhood spaces.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.2249-2254
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• 1994

본 논문에서는 계수가 2의 누승으로 표현되는 프로그램 가능한 FIR 필터 (2PFIR 필터)를 구현할 때 유용한 성질을 구했다. 특히 2PFIR 필터의 계수가 갖는 2의 수능 값이 M ternary의 canonical signed digit (CSD) 코드로 표현되면 ternary 값을 M개보다 적은 {0, 1, 2, $\cdots$, M-1}의 부분집합에서 선택해도 같은 결과가 얻어진다는 사실을 보였다. 따라서 프로그램 가능한 2PFIR 필터의 쉬프터 길이가 M보다 작아지므로 훨씬 효율적으로 구현할 수 있다. 또한 본 논문에서는 몇 가지 실험 결과를 통해 2PFIR 필터의 쉬프터 길이를 추가적으로 감축할 수 있음을 보였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2011

본 논문은 세라믹과 금속파우더를 이용한 복합소재를 플라즈마 용사 방식으로 개발한 결과를 수록하였다. 사용된 세라믹 파우더는 $Al_2O_3+40TiO_2$ 이고 입자 크기는 $20{\mu}m$, $Al_2O_398+$파우더의 입자 크기는 $45{\mu}m$를 사용하였다. $20{\mu}m$, $30{\mu}m$ 및 $50{\mu}m$ 금속필터 입자는 SIKA-R 20IS, 30IS 및 50IS(소결금속필터)을 사용 했으며, $75{\mu}m$ 금속필터 입자는 5 겹 소결메쉬 필터를 사용��다. 용사 공정으로 가공된 복합 필터는 세라믹 파우더의 종류, 크기 및 코팅 두께에 따라 성능의 차이를 보였으나, 전반적으로 필터링 가능 능력은 향상되었다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2007

The effects of high energy short wave solar radiation on human skin have received much publicity as the major cause of accelerated skin ageing and of skin cancers. To meet public demand, the cosmetic industry has developed sun protection factor products, which contain a variety of so-called "UV filters", among others benzophenone (BP) and its metabolites are the widely used UV filters. UV filters are also used to prevent UV light from damaging scents and colors in a variety of cosmetics products and to protect of plastic products against light-induced degradation. There are many variants of BP in use. In this respect, to regulate and to evaluate the hazardous effect of BP-type UV filters will be important to environment and human health. The genotoxicity of 7 BP-type UV filters was evaluated in L5178Y $(tk^{+/-})$ mouse lymphoma cells in vitro. BP, benzhydrol, 4-hydroxybenzophenone 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2, 4-dihydroxybenzophenone did not induce significant mutation frequencies both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system. 2, 2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone appeared the positive results at the highest dose, i.e. 120.4 ${\mu}g/mL$ only in the absence of metabolic activation system. And also, 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone revealed a significant increase of mutation frequencies in the range of 138.1-207.2 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the absence of metabolic activation system and 118.3-354.8 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the presence of metabolic activation system. Through the results of MLA with 7 BP-type UV filters in L5178Y cells in vitro, we may provide the important clues on the genotoxic potentials of these BP-type UV filters.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2024

Background: Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in sunscreen products and have been identified as an emerging contaminant. Organic UV filters co-exist with multiple components, but their mixture toxicity remains largely unknown. Objectives: We investigated the toxicity of single and binary mixtures of commonly used UV-filters using the human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cell line. Methods: After exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations of avobenzone (AVO), homosalate (HS), octisalate (OS), octinoxate (OMC), and octocrylene (OC), the levels of testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) were measured. The median effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for the E2 of the individual substances were used to determine the mixture effect of four binary combinations: OMC+AVB, OMC+HS, OMC+OS, and OMC+OC. The synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects of the mixture were determined by calculating toxic units (TU). To examine the mechanism of mixture toxicity, eight genes involved in steroidogenesis were analyzed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The significant increase in E2 in H295R cells exposed to AVO, HS, OS, OMC, and OC suggest an estrogenic effect of the tested UV-filters. A significant decrease in T was observed in cells exposed to HS and OS. EC₅₀ values for E2 increase were 105 nM for AVO, 110 nM for HS, 120 nM for OS, 55 nM for OMC, and 80 nM for OC. Both binary mixtures consisting of OMC+HS and OMC+OS have synergistic effects. Conclusions: Our results showed that five types of UV-filter substances increase E2 in H295R cells. We examined the mixture toxicity in terms of increased estrogenicity and confirmed that E2 significantly increased when OMC was mixed with a salicylate-based UV-filters. These findings highlight the importance of determining the impact of UV filter mixtures.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제34권1_2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Some properties of filters are studied with respect to a congru-ence of BE-algebras. The notion of θ-filters is introduced and these classes of filters are then characterized in terms of congruence classes. A bijection is obtained between the set of all θ-filters of a BE-algebra and the set of all filters of the respective BE-algebra of congruences classes.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.213-226
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• 2017

The concept of fuzzy transitive filters is introduced in BE-algebras. Some sufficient conditions are established for every fuzzy filter of a BE-algebra to become a fuzzy transitive filter. Some properties of fuzzy transitive filters are studied with respect to fuzzy relations and cartesian products.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2001

모드 전송선로 이론(MTLT: Modal Transmission-Line Theory)을 사용하여 방향성 결합기로 구성된 광 파장 필터를 설계하고 그 특성을 정확히 분석하였다. 전형적인 평면 구조형 결합기가 협대역 필터를 구현하기 위하여 이용되었으며, 테이퍼형 방향성 결합기가 광대역 필터를 구현하기 위하여 채택되었다. 협대역 필터의 경우 TE/TM 모드는 ${\lambda}=1.303{\mu}m$와 $1.1496{\mu}m$에서 최대 결합효율을 나타냈으며, 그 대역폭은 각각 30nm와 10nm로 나타났다. 더욱이, ${\lambda}=1.55{\mu}m$에서 동작하는 광대역 필터의 경우 TE/TM모드의 결합길이를 $183{\mu}m$와 $178{\mu}m$로 선택하였을 때 각각 저지대역(stop-band)과 통과대역(pass-band) 필터특성을 나타내었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2001

Cylindrical type ceramic filers, that is 60 O.D$\times$10t$\times$600L and 60 O.D$\times$10t$\times$1,000L were manufactured by vacuum forming processes using ceramic ray materials. For cylindrical type ceramic filters, porosity and bulk density were measured for, 80 to 90% and 0.3 to 0.4 g/㎤, respectively at uniform pore size of 41 to 45${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Bench scale candle filters (60$\psi$ $\times$10t$\times$600L) were tested using different dusts collected from many industries including chemical processing, glass processing and metal manufacturing pants. Collection efficiencies found out to range from 99.87% to 99.90%, while resistance coefficients from 1.1$\times$10(sup)11/$m^2$ to 1.7$\times$10(sup)11/$m^2$ . Full scale low density ceramic filters (60$\psi$ $\times$10t$\times$1,000L) were also tested at 1 atm, $600^{\circ}C$ to reveal the filtration efficiency, conditioning, and resistance coefficients using two different types of dust as chemical processing and metal refined processing. Darcys law resistance coefficients were measured to range 1.44$\times$10(sup)11/$m^2$ to 2.74$\times$10(sup)11/$m^2$, and collection efficiencies on the range 99.84 to 99.96%, Finally, results of long term performance test showed that filters were conditioned after 170hrs. Experimental conditions for effective filtration were examined under the condition 10 cm/sec face velocity, 3kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ pulsing pressure, 5 min filtration cycle, and 300msec pulse opening time.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 1999

광대역 능동소음제거는 수 백개의 적응필터 텝 수를 갖는다. 탭 수가 긴 적응필터는 많은 계산량이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 적응 계수벡터가 서브밴드로 계산되는 M-채널 QMF 펼터뱅크를 이용한 능동소음제거 시스템올 제안한다. 분해 필터뱅크와 합성 펼터뱅크는 cosine-modulated pseudo QMF 펼터를 사용한다. 오차경로의 전달특성을 온라인 인식하기 위한 기준신호는 적응필터의 출력신호와 저주파 대역의 서브 밴드 출력신호와의 차신호를 사용한다. 따라서 본 논문의 능동소음제거기는 계산량이 적고, 수렴속도가 빠른 견실한 시스템이 되도록 제안한다.