• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.260-268
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• 2010

The lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes in tissues from Channa argus were purified and characterized by biochemical, immunochemical and kinetic methods. The activity of LDH in skeletal muscle was the highest at 380.4 units and those in heart, eye and brain tissues were 13.4, 3,5 and 5.4 units, respectively. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7, CS) activity in heart tissue was the highest at 20.7 units. LDH/CS in skeletal muscle, heart, eye and brain tissues were 172.9, 0.6, 0.32 and 0.47. Protein concentration in skeletal muscle tissue was 14.7 mg/g and specific activities of LDH in skeletal muscle, heart, eye and brain tissues were 25.88, 0.79, 0.31 and 1.38 units/mg, respectively. Therefore, skeletal muscle tissue was anaerobic and heart tissue was aerobic. The LDH isozymes in tissues were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation and Western blot with antiserum against $A_4$, $B_4$, and eye-specific $C_4$. LDH $A_4$, $A_3B$, $A_2B_2$. $AB_3$ and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in every tissue, $C_4$, $AC_3$, $A_2C_2$ and $A_3C$ were detected in eye tissue, and $A_3C$ was found in brain tissue. LDH $A_4$, $A_3B$, $A_2B_2$, $AB_3$, $B_4$, eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes were purified by affinity chromatography and Preparative PAGE Cells. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified in the fraction from elution with $NAD^+$ containing buffer of affinity chromatography. Eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was eluted right after $A_4$, after which $B_4$ isozyme was eluted with plain buffer. As a result, one part of molecular structures in $A_4$, $B_4$ and eye-specific $C_4$ were similar, but were different from each other in $B_4$ and $C_4$. Therefore the subunit A may be conservative in evolution, and the evolution of subunit B seems to be faster than that of subunit A. The activity of LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, $B_4$, and eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes remained at 39.98, 21.28, 19.67 and 16.87% as a result of the inhibition by 10 mM of pyruvate, so the degree of inhibition was very high. The $Km^{PYR}$ values were 0.17, 0.27 and 0.133 mM in $A_4$, $B_4$ and eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes, respectively. The optimum pH of LDH $A_4$, $B_4$, eye-specific $C_4$, $A_2B_2$, $A_3B$, and $AB_3$ were pH 6.5, pH 8.5, pH 5.5, pH 6.0-6.5, pH 5.0 and pH 7.5. The $A_4$ and heterotetramer isozymes stabilized a broad range of pH. Especially, LDH activities in skeletal muscle tissue were high, resulting in a high degree of muscle activity.LDH metabolism in eye tissue seems to be converted faster from pyruvate to lactate by eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme as eye-specific $C_4$ have the highest affinity for pyruvate, and right after the conversion, oxidation of lactate was induced by $A_4$ isozyme. It was found that expression of Ldh-C, affinity to substrate and reaction time of $C_4$ isozyme were different according to the ecological environmental and feeding capturing patterns.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.94-98
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• 2000

Polycrystalline SBTN ferroelectric thin films were prepared by sol-gel method with various Nb mole ratios on Pt/ $SiO_2$/Si (100) substrates. The films were annealed at different temperatures and characterized in terms of phase and microstructure. Relatively a well saturated hysteresis pattern was obtained at x =0.2 in S $r_{0.8}$B $i_{2.3}$(T $a_{1-x}$ N $b_{x}$)$_2$ $O_{9+}$$\alpha$/ thin films. At an applied voltage of 5V, the dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$$_{r}$) and dissipation factor (tan $\delta$) of typical S $r_{0.8}$B $i_{2.3}$(T $a_{1-x}$ N $b_{x}$)$_2$ $O_{9+}$$\alpha$/ thin film (x=0.2) were about 236.2 and 0.034. Measured remanent polarization (2Pr) and coercive field (Ec) were 4.28C/c $m_2$, and 38.88kv/cm respectively. No fatigue was observed up to 6$\times$10$_{10}$ switching cycles at 5V and the normalized polarization reduced by a factor of only 4%.%. 4%.%. 4%.%.%.%.%.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1997

Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was active on ${\alpha}$-naphthyl-butyrate as well as on various triacylglycerols with different lengths of acyl chains. The extracellular lipase was purified 15-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100, DEAE-Cellulose and Phenyl-Sepharose CL4B column chromatography with overall yield of 16%. It showed an molecular weight of 34.7 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme activity with tributyrin as substrate was optimal at pH 8.0~9.0 and at $37^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity decreased when the chain length of acyl group of triacyglycerol increased. A-factor, a hormone-like regulator of Streptomyces differentiation inhibited the lipase activity, which might corelate with the low enzyme activity in early exponential growth phase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 1999

Ferroelectric $Sr_{0.7}/B_{2.3}(Ta_{1-x}Nb_x)_2O_9$(x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) thin films were deposited on $Pt/SiO_2/Si$ substrate by MOD(Metalorganic Decomposition) process. Metal carboxylate and metal alkoxide were used as precursors, and 2-methoxyethanol, xylene as solvents. After spin coating, thin films were pre-annealed at $400^{\circ}C$, followed by RTA(Rapid Thermal Annealing) and final annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ in oxygen atmosphere. These procedures were repeated three times to obtain thin films with the thickness of $2000{\AA}$. To enhance the nucleation and growth of layered-perovskite phase, thin films were rapid-thermally annealed above $720^{\circ}C$ in oxygen atmosphere. As RTA temperature increased, fluorite phase was transformed to layered-perovskite phase. And the change of Nb contents affected dielectric / electrical properties and microstructure. The ferroelectric characteristics of $Sr_{0.7}/B_{2.3}(Ta_{1-x}Nb_x)_2O_9$ thin film were Pr=8.67 $\mu{C}/cm^2$, Ec=62.4kV/cm and $I_{L}=1.4\times10^{-7}A/cm^2$ at the applied voltage of 5V, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.460-467
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to enhance utilization of the waste nutrient solution (WNS) disposed at the hydroponic greenhouse. Several sets of testing were conducted to examine the effects of WNS: (a) a fertilizer effect, (b) soil column leaching, and (c) crop cultivation. The fertilizer effect test was applied in young radish cultivation by examining the growth characteristics of young radish and soil based on inorganic nitrogen according to the soil treatment of the nitrogen fertilizer (NF) and the WNS. The fertilizer effects and crop cultivation test were conducted with five treatments (A-E): A, non-treatment (water); B, 100% of NF; C, 70% of NF + 30% of WNS; D, 50% of NF + 50% of WNS; and E, 30% of NF + 70% of WNS. The soil column leaching test was conducted with three treatments: non-treatment (water), 100% of NF, 50% of WNS + 50% of NF. As a result, the chemical properties of the WNS were pH 6.0, EC 2.4dS·m^-1, total phosphorus (T-P) 28mg·L^-1, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) 5.0mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) 301mg·L^-1. The chemical properties of the soil were pH 5.51, EC 0.31dS/m, organic matter 2.08g·kg^-1, NO₃-N 9.64mg·kg^-1, and NH₄-N 3.20mg·kg^-1. The results of fertilizer effects showed that the ratio of 50% or less of NF and 50% or more of WNS was high in young radish growth. There was no statistically significant difference between the soil chemistry in the C-E treatments where WNS was mixed with NF and the B treatment where only NF was applied. As a result of the soil column leaching test, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of NO₃ and NH₄ in the treatment of 100% of NF and 50% of NF + 50% of WNS. The study indicates, if the mixed fertilizer of WNS and NF is applied in the soil cultivation of young radish, it will reduce the use of NF and environmental pollution. This also helps reduce production costs on farmers and increase the yield of young radish.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2012

The properties of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) and expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 were studied in tissues from Micropterus salmoides. Native-PAGE revealed that the LDH $A_4$ isozyme was predominantly located in skeletal muscle. The LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in heart, liver, eye, and brain tissues, while eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was detected in eye tissue. In September, strong LDH $B_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. High $A_4$ isozyme activity was noted in all other tissues except heart tissue. However, in November, strong $A_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. The LDH/CS (Citrate synthase, EC 4.1.3.7) ratio in skeletal muscle and heart tissues indicated that anaerobic metabolism was high in those tissues. Native-PAGE after immunoprecipitation showed that eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was more similar to the $A_4$ than the $B_4$ isozyme. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of subunit A was 37,200. The LDH activity in tissues was consistently 11.05~28.32% due to inhibition by 10 mM pyruvate. The $K_m^{PYR}$ of LDH in eye tissue was very low. The optimum pH for LDH in tissues was pH 7.5~8.0. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was detected in mitochondria of skeletal muscle, whereas the $B_4$ and $A_2B_2$ isozymes were detected in heart tissue mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that MCTs 1, 2, and 4 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of skeletal muscle and heart tissues. The sizes of MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in skeletal muscle were 60, 54~38, and 63 kDa, while those in heart tissue were 57, 54~38, and 55.5 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, M. salmoides appears to use anaerobic metabolism predominantly when adapted to a hypoxic environment. In highly activated skeletal muscle and heart tissue, energy production is controlled by inward and outward flows of pyruvate and lactate through MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, with effective adjustment by LDH isozymes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to accumulate the fundamental data representing groundwater of plastic film houses by means of water quality and its multivariate statistical analysis. Groundwater samples were collected in every two years since 2000 to 2004 from total 211 sites. According to the result of water quality analysis, ground water quality was suitable for irrigation purpose averagely. Correlation analysis showed that EC was highest positively correlated with $Mg^{2+}$ to 0.810(p<0.01), 0.776(p<0.01) in April and July, respectively. $NO_3-N$ was highest positively correlated with T-N to 0.794(p<0.01) in October. This result shows that it can lead to a different result even in similar case sometimes. Four factors were extracted through factor analysis in April and July, but five factors were extracted in October. The proportions of cumulative variance by the factor were 64.9, 60.2, and 70.7 in April, July, and October, respectively. The first factor was highly related to anions and cations such as $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Cl^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-}$, and EC in contrast to that of stream water. According to the cluster analysis, 211 sites are classified into four groups. Common type of ground water quality was shown in group A. The pH and $PO_4-P$ were highest in Group B. The anions and cations were highest in Group C. $COD_{Cr}$ was highest in Group D.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.798-803
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• 1999

Prolyl endopeptidase [PEP; EC 3.4.21.26], a serine protease which is known to cleave peptide bonds on the carboxy side of a proline residue, plays an important role in the degradation of proline-containing neuropeptides that have been suggested to participate in learning and memory processes. An abnormal increase in the level of PEP, which can lead to generation of $A{\beta}$, is also suggested to be involved in Alzheimer's type senile dementia. In the course of screening PEP inhibitors from Basidiomycetes, the mushroom Polyozellus multiplex exhibited a high inhibitory activity against PEP. Two active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction by consecutive purification, using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and Lobar RP-18 chromatography. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified as thelephoric acid and 12-acety1-2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-[12H]-12-hydroxymethylbenzobis[I.2b,3.4b'] benzofuran-11-one (kynapcin-9) by spectral data including UV, IR, MS, HR-MS, $^1H-,{\;}^{13}C-$, and 2D-NMR. The $IC_{50}$ values of the thelephoric acid and kynapcin-9 were 0.157 ppm (446nM) and 0.087 ppm (212nM) and their inhibitor constants ($K_i$) were 0.73ppm ($2.09{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$) and 0.060 ppm (146 nM), respectively. Furthermore, they were non-competitive with a substrate in Dixon plots.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2006

The change of antioxidative character by germination of brown rice was evaluated. From the total methanolic extract of brown rice, 2.5 mm-germinated brown rice, and 5 mm-germinated brown rice, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability were identified as antioxidative character. SOD-like activities and nitrite scavenging abilities of all samples were changed dose-dependently and germination-dependently. After successive partitioning with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water, each fraction was tested for these activities. SOD-like activities of all fractions were increased by germination, and especially hexane fraction and EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice had more strong activities than 50 ppm vitamin C. The $EC_{50}$ values of SOD-like activity showed a gradual decrease by germination and that of EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice was 17 ppm, which was lower concentration than that of 50 ppm vitamin C. The $IC_{50}$ values of nitrite scavenging ability at PH 1.5 also underwent a great decrease by germination and germinated brown rice had the nitrite scavenging ability at lower concentration than brown rice. The results suggest that SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability are thought to be enhanced by the germination effect.