• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a potent teratogen in rodents and is present at low concentration in fermented foods and alcohol beverages. It has been well hypothesized that some metabolic products are responsible for the teratogenic effects of the compound. In the present study, the effects of phenobarbital (PB) on EC-induced embryotoxicity were investigated in SD rats. Six groups were constructed: EC 300 (EC 300 mg/kg/day), EC 600 (EC 600 mg/kg/day), EC 600+PB (EC 600 mg/kg/day and PB 80 mg/kg/day), PB (PB 80 mg/kg/day), DR (dietary restriction, 8 g/day/rat) and a control group. Rats of the EC 600+PB group were pretreated with phenobarbital intraperitoneally for three days to induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, followed by oral administration of EC for two consecutive days. The incidence of fetal deaths in the EC 600+PB group was higher than that of the EC 600 group(42.7 vs. 14.3%). The incidence of fetal realformations in the EC 600+PB group was higher than that of the EC 600 group (external; 7.0 vs. 4.1%, visceral; 31.4 vs. 11.3%, skeletal; 11.1 vs. 6.5%). There was no embryotoxicity in the control, EC 300, PB and DR groups. These results show that the pretreatment with phenobarbital augments EC-induced embryotoxicity in rats, indicating an evidence that metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 may be the major pathway of EC to its embryotoxic forms.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.529-537
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• 2022

The susceptibilities of five insecticides to the larvae of Spoladea recurvalis, a major pest of spinach, were evaluated. Lufenuron EC, chromafenozide EC, chlorantraniliprole WP, tebufenozide WP, and pyridalyl EW showed 90% or more insecticidal activity at dilution concentrations of 2 (12.5 ppm), 4 (12.5 ppm), 8 (2.5 ppm), 4 (20.0 ppm), and 8 (12.5 ppm), respectively. At their recommended concentrations, Chromafenozide EC, chlorantraniliprole WP, tebufenozide WP, and pyridalyl EW showed very high insecticidal activity of 98.3%, 100%, 95.0%, and 100%, respectively, after 72 h on S. recurvalis larvae exposed after 7 days of treatment. Field tests at two spinach greenhouses in Hwaseong and Yeoncheon showed a high control effect of over 90% after 7 days of treatment in both areas. In addition, the insecticides can be used as exclusive agents for S. recurvalis that occurs in spinach, as there is no phytotoxicity even at double doses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6715-6720
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations of the CYP1A1 gene variant rs4646903 polymorphism with the risk of developing esophageal cancer (EC). A case-control study was carried out in Pashtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in which 140 hospital based EC cases and 196 population based healthy controls exposed to similar environmental conditions were included. A specific method based on the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect genotypes in case and control groups and results were then analyzed with SPSS version 20. In our population, individuals with CC and TC genotypes of the CYP1A1 rs4646903 polymorphism had significantly higher risk of EC (adjusted odds (OR): 15.709, 95%CI: 6.065-40.686, OR: 3.256 95%CI: 1.902-5.574 respectively). The 'C' allele was strongly associated with the disease (p< 0.0001). Adjusted OR was higher (1.5 times in C/C) in case of variant alleles that show the contribution of environmental and nutritional factors towards the development of EC. Our findings suggest that presence of the 'C' allele of rs4646903 (T>C) may be one of the risk alleles for EC susceptibility in Pashtun population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6103-6108
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• 2014

Many studies have reported ${\beta}$-catenin involvement in the development of esophageal carcinoma (EC), but its prognostic significance for EC patients remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the issue in detail. After searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, we included a total of ten relevant studies. We pooled the overall survival (OS) data using RevMan 5.2 software. The results showed that aberrant expression of ${\beta}$-catenin was associated with a significant increase of mortality risk (hazard ratio 1.71, 95%CI 1.46-2.01; p<0.00001). Subgroup analyses further suggested that aberrant expression of ${\beta}$-catenin resulted in poor OS of EC patients regardless of histological type of EC, study location or criteria for aberrant expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, and the sensitivity analyses revealed that the result was robust. The meta-analysis revealed that aberrant expression of ${\beta}$-catenin could be a predicative factor of poor prognosis for EC patients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1266-1272
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• 2019

A bacterial strain, labeled $UR11^T$, was isolated from green alga Ulva pertusa collected from Jeju Island, Korea. $UR11^T$ was identified as a gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and aerobic bacterial strain with yellow colonies on R2A plates. The strain $UR11^T$ grew over at a temperature range of $10^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ (optimally at $25^{\circ}C$), a pH range of 6.0-11 (optimally at pH 7.0) and a Nacl range of 0.5-5% Nacl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain $UR11^T$ was a member of the genus Flavobacterium. Strain $UR11^T$ shared close similarity with F. jejuensis $EC11^T$ (98.0%) F. jumunjinense $HME7102^T$ (96.1%), F. haoranii $LQY-7^T$ (95.3%), F. dongtanense $LW30^T$ (95.1%), and F. ahnfeltiae 10Alg $130^T$(94.9%). The major fatty acids (>5%) were $iso-C_{15:0}$ (33.9%), $iso-C_{15:1}$ G (12.4%), $iso-C_{17:0}$ 3-OH (9.0%), $isoC_{16:0}$ (7.0%) and $iso-C_{15:0}$ 3-OH (6.3%). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, seven unknown aminolipids, two unknown aminopolarlipids and two unknown lipids. DNA-DNA hybridization value was 58% at strain $UR11^T$ with F. jejuensis $EC11^T$. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, strain $UR11^T$ represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium jocheonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Flavobacterium jocheonensis is $UR11^T$ (=KCTC $52377^T$ =JCM $31512^T$).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4319-4323
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• 2014

Background: Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) encodes a member of the phospholipase family of proteins that play crucial roles in carcinogenesis and progression of several cancers including esophageal cancer (EC). In two large scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP, rs2274223A>G, rs3765524C>T) in PLCE1 were identified as novel susceptibility loci of esophageal cancer (EC) in China. The aim of the present study was to investigate this finding in Kashmir Valley, a high risk area. Materials and Methods: We determined genotypes of three potentially functional SNPs (rs2274223A>G, rs3765524C>T and rs7922612C>T) of PLCE1 in 135 EC patients, and 195 age and gender matched controls in Kashmiri valley by PCR RFLP method. Risk for developing EC was estimated by binary logistic regression using SPSS. Results: The selected PLCE1 polymorphisms did not show independent association with EC. However, the $G_{2274223}T_{3765524}T_{7922612}$ haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of EC (OR=2.92; 95% CI=1.30-6.54; p=0.009). Smoking and salted tea proved to be independent risk factors for EC. Conclusions: Genetic variations in PLCE1 modulate risk of EC in the high risk Kashmiri population.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2006

The antispasmodic and vasodilator activities of a newly synthesized piperidine derivative (1-(4'fluorophenacyl)-4-hydroxy-4-phenyl-piperidinium chloride) were studied in vitro. The test compound exhibited a dose-dependent relaxant effect on the spontaneous and $K^+$ (75 mM)-induced contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum with respective $EC_{50}$ values of 0.01 mM(0.01-0.02, 95% CI) and 0.30 mM (0.17-0.56). The $Ca^{++}$ channel blocking (CCB) activity was confirmed when the test compound (0.1-0.2 mM) shifted the $Ca^{++}$ dose-response curves to the right, similar to that produced by verapamil ($0.1-1.0{\mu}M$), a standard CCB. In the isolated rabbit aorta, the test compound showed a dose-dependent vasodilator effect on $K^+$ (75 mM)-induced contractions with an $EC_{50}$ value of 0.08 mM (0.02-0.26) while also suppressed the norepinephrine ($1{\mu}M$) control peak responses with $EC_{50}$ value of 0.08 mM (0.05-0.13, n=5). When tested in Langendorff perfused rabbit heart preparation, the test compound exhibited a negligible inhibitory effect on the rate or force of atrial and ventricular contractions when tested up to 5 mM. The results show smooth muscle-selective relaxant effect of the test compound on intestinal and vascular preparations mediated possibly via blockade of voltage and receptor-operated $Ca^{++}$ channels.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the density of thrips, and insecticidal resistance for effective control of Western flower thrips in greenhouse. The presence and density of the thrips was investigated using yellow colored-sticky trap in a cucumber field from May to August in Cheon-an. The results of the investigation revealed the existence of the following thrips species; Frankliniella occidentalis, F. intonsa, Thrips palmi, T. tabaci, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, and T. nigropilosus. The predominant pest was found to be the western flower thrips. To survey the western flower thrips insecticidal resistance, we established the discriminating concentration (DC), recommended concentration (RC) and $2{\times}$recommended concentration ($2{\times}RC$) of nine insecticides; Emamectin benzoate EC, spinetoram SC, Chlorfenapyr EC, Spinosad SC, Cyantraniliprole EC, Acetamiprid WP, Dinotefuran WG, thiacloprid SC and thiamethoxam SC. The bioassay of about five local populations was conducted using the leaf-dipping method. In all local populations, insecticidal resistance in western flower thrips had not developed in emamectin benzoate EC (RC, $10.8{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$), chlorfenapyr EC (RC, $50.0{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$), spinetoram SC (RC, $25.0mg\;L^{-1}$), and spinosad SC (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$). However, insecticidal resistance in RC was found to have developed in cyantraniliprole EC (RC, $50.0{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$) and four insecticides of neonicotinoid type. Insecticidal activity of 95% or more was observed in each population when cyantraniliprole EC tested in $2{\times}RC$. However, the neonicotinoid types showed different insecticidal activity in $2{\times}RC$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 1998

The conductivity test is a measure of electrolytes leakage from plant tissue. The shorter the maturation period after heading was the greater electrical conductivity (EC) of rice seed. The polymer-coated seed was not different in EC compared with non-coated seed. As soaking time of rice seed increased, EC increased gradually. The EC varied from 9.9 to 20.7$\mu$S $cm^{-1}g^{-l}$ for control plots and from 21.3 to 41.7$\mu$S $cm^{-1}g^{-l}$ for heat-killed seeds which were produced by autoclaving seeds at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. The germination speed (the rate of 5th day) of rice seed was 94% at control plot, 83% at low temperature and 20% at high temperature. Besides, germination percentage was 95% for the control, 92% for the low temperature treatment and 39% for the high temperature treatment. The EC was negatively correlated (r=-0.771$^{**}$) with germination percentage at low temperature. Water uptake in seeds of 30, 40, 50 days after heading (DAH) was greater than that of 20 DAH. Plant height of seedlings was 9.84 cm for the control but 4.32 cm for the high temperature treatment, and the tallest for polymer-coated seed. Dry weight of seedlings was 0.841 g for the control and 0.287 g at high temperature. Besides, the polymer-coated seed was heavier than non-coated seed. The number of roots was largest from 40 to 50 DAH and polymer-coated seed, but was decreased from 20 to 30 DAH. The length of roots was 20.52 cm at control plot and 19.89 cm polymer-coated seed but 8.68 cm for the low temperature treatment and 7.28 cm for the high temperature treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.531-540
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• 1998

To examine water pollution status of agricultural water source of greenhouse area in Gyeongnam, the ground water quality was investigated six times at five areas in Gyeongnam from October in 1995 to March in 1996. pH of ground water were generally in the range of 5.9∼7.6. But a site in Changnyeong area was out of the range In 6.0∼8.5 which is water quality standard for agriculture. COD of ground water was below 2.8mg/l. NH4+-N contents in ground water was very low in all areas and the average of NO3'-N contents in Changnyeong and Chinju area was high with 13.2 and 11.5mg/l respectively. Hardness, SO42- and EC of ground water In Hmm were higher than any other area. Fe and Mn contents of ground water in Kimhae were higher than any other area with 7.17 and 0.95wt, respectively. Heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn of ground waker were below water Quality standard far agriculture but some sites were over. Between COD and SS in ground water were not correlated with rInG.338,'but between COD and NH4+, -N were positively correlated. And EC was positively correlated with Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42-. Ground water pollution status of agricultural water source of greenhouse area in Gyeongnam was genrrally high in order of Sacheon < Chinju < Hmn < Kimhae < Changnyeong.