• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.49-61
• /
• 2019

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of $100L/m^3$(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of $150L/m^3$(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40cm from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.38-50
• /
• 1975

This study was conducted to find the shortest optimum time for taking oral temperature and axillary temperature, which does not affect reliability of body temperature. For this purpose, first, the time at which all the samples are reaching maximum temperature is identified Second, the mean maximum temperature is compared with the mean temperature of each consecutive measurement by T-test to find the time at which no significant changes in temperature occurs along time sequence. Third, optimum temperatures are set at points of -0.2℉, -0.4℉, -0.6℉, -0.8℉, -1.0℉, -1.2℉, -1.4℉, from maximum temperature. A point of time at which 90% of samples reach at optimum temperature is identified and defined as optimum time. The study sample, a total of 164 cases were divided into two groups according to their measured body temperature. The group with body temperature below 37 $^{\circ}C$(A group) and above 37$^{\circ}$1'C (B group) were compared on the time required to reach maximum temperature and optimum temperature. The results are as follow. 1. The time required for total sample to reach maximum temperature was 13 minutes in both groups by oral method, 15 minutes in A group and 13 minutes in B group by axillary method. Time required for 90 % of cases reach maximum temperature by oral method was 10 minutes in both group. By axillary method, 12 minutes in A group. (Ref: table 2) 2. Statistical analysis by means of T-test, the time which does not show a significant change by oral method were 12 minutes in A group and 11 minutes in B group, and by axillary method 14 minutes in A group and 11 minutes in B group. (Ref: table 5, 6.) 3. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.2 ℉, optimum time was found 8 minutes in both groups by oral method, and 11 minutes in A group and 9 minutes in B group by axillary method 4. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.4 ℉, optimum time was found 7 minutes in A group and 6 minutes in B group by oral method, and 9 minutes in A group and 7 minutes in B group by axillary method 5. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.8 ℉, optimum time was found 6 minutes in A group and 6 minutes in B group by axillary method (Ref: table 7, 8, 9, 10) 6. The commonly practiced temperature taking time, 3 minutes in oral method and 5 minutes in axillary method can be accepted as pertinent when physiological variation of body temperature at the mean level of -1, 2 ℉ is accepted. 7. The difference in time required to resister maximum temperature was compared between the group with body temperature below 37$^{\circ}C$ and above 37$^{\circ}$1'C, and found no significant difference in oral mettled and 1 - 4 minute difference in axillary method with shorter time requirement in feverish group.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we study the uniqueness of entire functions and prove the following result: Let f(z) and g(z) be two nonconstant entire functions, $n\;{\geq}\;7$ a positive integer, and let a be a nonzero finite complex number. If $f^{n}(z)(f(z)\;-\;1)f'(z)\;and\;g^{n}(z)(g(z)\;-\;1)g'(z)$ share a CM, then $f(z)\;{\equiv}\;g(z)$. The result improves the theorem due to ref. [3].

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
• /
• 1993.10a
• /
• pp.74-78
• /
• 1993

Compared with rigid-jointed latticed dome, in pinned-joint latticed dome, results of Ref.1 showed reduction of buckling strength by decline of junction's rotational rigidity. Moreover, with decline of junction's rotational rigidity, geometrical initial imperfection incurs more and more reduction of buckling-strength. This study, subsequently the case of rigid-joint domes, is aimed at analyzing buckling-characteristics of pinned-joint single-layer latticed domes with triangular network subjected to initial imperfection.

• KCID journal
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 1999

This study is performed to select irrigation design year from 10-year return period 7-month(April to October) precipitation and compare reference crop evapotranspiration at 13 stations by REF-ET model. The three smallest 10-year return period 7-month(Apri

• Journal of Information Management
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.191-209
• /
• 2010

A reference linking service that is connection of each other different information resource need to setup the reference database and to match identifier. CrossRef, PubMed and Web Of Science etc. the many overseas agencies developed reference linking service, that they used the automatic tools of Inera eXstyles, Parity Computings Reference Extractor etc. and setup in base DOI and PMID etc. Domestic the various agencies of KISTI(Korea Institute Science and Technology of Information), KRF(Korea Research Foundation) etc are construction reference database. But each research communities adopts a various reference bibliography writing format. As, the data base construction which is collect is confronting is many to being difficult. In this paper, We developed the Citation Matcher System. This system is automatic parsing the reference string to metadata and matching DOI, PMID and KOI as Identifier. It is improved the effectiveness of reference database setup.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.28.1-28.8
• /
• 2019

Background: In the present study, we evaluated four commonly used housekeeping genes, viz., actin-β, elongation factor-1α (EF1α), acidic ribosomal protein (ARP), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as internal references for quantitative analysis of immune genes in nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-infected seven-band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Methods: Expression profiles of the four genes were estimated in 12 tissues of healthy and infected seven-band grouper. Expression stability of the genes was calculated using the delta Ct method, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm algorithms. Consensus ranking was performed using RefFinder, and statistical analysis was done using GraphpadPrism 5.0. Results: Tissue-specific variations were observed in the four tested housekeeping genes of healthy and NNV-infected seven-band grouper. Fold change calculation for interferon-1 and Mx expression using the four housekeeping genes as internal references presented varied profiles for each tissue. EF1α and actin-β was the most stable expressed gene in tissues of healthy and NNV-infected seven-band grouper, respectively. Consensus ranking using RefFinder suggested EF1α as the least variable and highly stable gene in the healthy and infected animals. Conclusions: These results suggest that EF1α can be a fairly better internal reference in comparison to other tested genes in this study during the NNV infection process. This forms the pilot study on the validation of reference genes in Hyporthodus septemfasciatus, in the context of NNV infection.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.323-329
• /
• 2011

MuSI, a gene that corresponds to a domain that contains the rubber elongation factor (REF), is highly homologous to many stress-related proteins in plants. Since MuSI is up-regulated in the roots of plants treated with cadmium or copper, the involvement of MuSI in cadmium tolerance was investigated in this study. Escherichia coli cells overexpressing MuSI were more resistant to Cd than wild-type cells transfected with vector alone. MuSI transgenic plants were also more resistant to Cd. MuSI transgenic tobacco plants absorbed less Cd than wild-type plants. Cd translocation from roots to shoots was reduced in the transgenic plants, thereby avoiding Cd toxicity. The number of short trichomes in the leaves of wild-type tobacco plants was increased by Cd treatment, while this was unchanged in MuSI transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that MuSI transgenic tobacco plants have enhanced tolerance to Cd via reduced Cd uptake and/or increased Cd immobilization in the roots, resulting in less Cd translocation to the shoots.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2012

Objectives : The gnarl of Pinus densiflora, called Songjeol in Korea, has been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases such as arthralgia, myalgia and bruise. However, the molecular actions and mechanisms have not been clearly investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify the anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus densiflora gnarl pharmacopuncture (PDGP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT assay. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by nitrite assay. The mRNA expressions of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation was measured using the fluorescence microscopy. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Results : PDGP inhibited NO production and ROS generation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. At the mRNA level, PDGP suppressed IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and COX-2 expression. On the other hand, PDGP induced HO-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, PDGP suppressed iNOS and Ref-1 protein expression. Conclusions : This result suggests that PDGP can act as a suppressor agent on NO and iNOS through induction of HO-1, and play an useful role in blocking inflammatory responses.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 2010

Higher strength and fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel steels can be obtained by changing the material specification from that of Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel (SA508 Gr.3) to Ni-Mo-Cr low alloy steel (SA508 Gr.4N). However, the operation temperature of the reactor pressure vessel is more than $300^{\circ}C$ and the reactor operates for over 40 years. Therefore, we need to have phase stability in the high temperature range in order to apply the SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel for a reactor pressure vessel. It is very important to evaluate the temper embrittlement phenomena of SA508 Gr.4N for an RPV application. In this study, we have performed a Charpy impact test and tensile test of SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel with changing impurity element contents such as Mn and P. And also, the mechanical properties of these low alloy steels after longterm heat treatment ($450^{\circ}C$, 2000hr) are evaluated. Further, evaluation of the temper embrittlement by fracture analysis was carried out. Temper embrittlement occurs in KL4-Ref and KL4-P, which show a decrease of the elongation and a shifting of the transition curve toward high temperature. The reason for the temper embrittlement is the grain boundary segregation of the impurity element P and the alloying element Ni. However, KL4-Ref shows temper embrittlement phenomena despite the same contents of P and Ni compared with SC-KL4. This result may be caused by the Mn contents. In addition, the behavior of embrittlement is not largely affected by the formation of $M_3P$ phosphide or the coarsening of Cr carbides.