• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.245-250
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality of abalone porridge prepared with different sizes of rice and amounts of added water. pH of porridge was mostly stable from 6.3 to 6.8 but as more water was added, pH increased. Increase of added water resulted in higher TBARS value, but most of TBARS value was generally low, and there wasn't any significant difference. Lightness of the rice powder porridge was 53 to 59 and it was higher than that of round rice porridge. Redness tended to be high as rice size was bigger and less amount of water was added. Yellowness of round rice porridge and half rice porridge was higher than that of rice powder porridge. Also, yellowness of porridge had a tendency to decrease as amount of water was increased. Consistency, viscosity, and firmness was higher in round rice porridge and half rice porridge than in rice powder porridge, and increase in added water amount led to decrease of all textural properties. In the measurement of texture properties that is only present in rice grain, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of round rice grain porridge was significantly higher than that of half rice. In the sensory evaluation result, all sensory properties was significantly different (p<0.05) among the abalone porridges prepared with different rice sizes and added water. The viscosity, flavor, texture, and taste of half rice abalone porridge added 1000 mL water showed the highest sensory scores.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.35-49
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this research was to analyze the contents of Housing Studies in Home Economics Education of Secondary School published in master's or doctorial theses and journals since 1985. The 24 research papers were analyzed by the type and time of publication, research subjects, data collecting methods, respondents & sample size, and statistical methods. The data were presented by tables with frequencies. The results showed that the most Housing educational research has been done as a type of theses and the number of published papers on Housing has been increased in somewhat. Over time there were two main theme of Housing educational research: general perception of housing and teaching - learning plans. Research methods, respondents and sample size, and statistical methods were obviously differed by the two research theme of Housing educational studies. This research suggested to broaden the research subjects as well as research methods beside to increase the number of studies on Housing area in Home Economics Education.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2008.06a
• /
• pp.239-240
• /
• 2008

As semiconductor devices are scaled down for better performance and more functionality, the Cu-based interconnects suffer from the increase of the resistivity of the Cu wires. The resistivity increase, which is attributed to the electron scattering from grain boundaries and interfaces, needs to be addressed in order to further scale down semiconductor devices [1]. The increase in the resistivity of the interconnect can be alleviated by increasing the grain size of electroplating (EP)-Cu or by modifying the Cu surface [1]. Another possible solution is to maximize the portion of the EP-Cu volume in the vias or damascene structures with the conformal diffusion barrier and seed layer by optimizing their deposition processes during Cu interconnect fabrication, which are currently ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD)-based Ta/TaN bilayer and IPVD-Cu, respectively. The use of in-situ etching, during IPVD of the barrier or the seed layer, has been effective in enlarging the trench volume where the Cu is filled, resulting in improved reliability and performance of the Cu-based interconnect. However, the application of IPVD technology is expected to be limited eventually because of poor sidewall step coverage and the narrow top part of the damascene structures. Recently, Ru has been suggested as a diffusion barrier that is compatible with the direct plating of Cu [2-3]. A single-layer diffusion barrier for the direct plating of Cu is desirable to optimize the resistance of the Cu interconnects because it eliminates the Cu-seed layer. However, previous studies have shown that the Ru by itself is not a suitable diffusion barrier for Cu metallization [4-6]. Thus, the diffusion barrier performance of the Ru film should be improved in order for it to be successfully incorporated as a seed layer/barrier layer for the direct plating of Cu. The improvement of its barrier performance, by modifying the Ru microstructure from columnar to amorphous (by incorporating the N into Ru during PVD), has been previously reported [7]. Another approach for improving the barrier performance of the Ru film is to use Ru as a just seed layer and combine it with superior materials to function as a diffusion barrier against the Cu. A RulTaN bilayer prepared by PVD has recently been suggested as a seed layer/diffusion barrier for Cu. This bilayer was stable between the Cu and Si after annealing at $700^{\circ}C$ for I min [8]. Although these reports dealt with the possible applications of Ru for Cu metallization, cases where the Ru film was prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have not been identified. These are important because of ALD's excellent conformality. In this study, a bilayer diffusion barrier of Ru/TaCN prepared by ALD was investigated. As the addition of the third element into the transition metal nitride disrupts the crystal lattice and leads to the formation of a stable ternary amorphous material, as indicated by Nicolet [9], ALD-TaCN is expected to improve the diffusion barrier performance of the ALD-Ru against Cu. Ru was deposited by a sequential supply of bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium [Ru$(EtCp)_2$] and $NH_3$plasma and TaCN by a sequential supply of $(NEt_2)_3Ta=Nbu^t$ (tert-butylimido-trisdiethylamido-tantalum, TBTDET) and $H_2$ plasma. Sheet resistance measurements, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis showed that the bilayer diffusion barriers of ALD-Ru (12 nm)/ALD-TaCN (2 nm) and ALD-Ru (4nm)/ALD-TaCN (2 nm) prevented the Cu diffusion up to annealing temperatures of 600 and $550^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, respectively. This is found to be due to the excellent diffusion barrier performance of the ALD-TaCN film against the Cu, due to it having an amorphous structure. A 5-nm-thick ALD-TaCN film was even stable up to annealing at $650^{\circ}C$ between Cu and Si. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that the ALD-Ru/ALD-TaCN diffusion barrier failed by the Cu diffusion through the bilayer into the Si substrate. This is due to the ALD-TaCN interlayer preventing the interfacial reaction between the Ru and Si.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the patients' knowledge and expectation of dental implants and to provide effective consulting and accurate information on implants to them. To that end, between March 23, 2008 and June 5, 2008, patients who were visiting dental clinics (hospitals) in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon areas were surveyed. 84.7% of subjects said that they recognized implants, and the largest number of them (26.7%) of subjects came to know via friends. According to an analysis of subjects' knowledge of the dental implant operation, the maximum value was 4.06, and the minimum value was 3.05. The opinion value on the need to have regular examination after the implant operation was highest at 4.06. Regarding expectation over the implant operation, the maximum value was 4.42, and the minimum value was 1.78. The opinion value on considering the implant operation capability the most important was the highest at 4.42. The relationship between the knowledge of and expectation over implants was significant. By gender, females had a significantly higher level of knowledge than males. Regarding preference, females scored 3.27 points, and males scored 3.23 points. By occupation, professionals earned the highest score of 3.55 in knowledge, and professionals earned the highest score of 3.31 in expectation. According to an analysis of the relation between variables of knowledge of and variables of expectation over implants, the correlation coefficient (r) between the two factors was 0.362, indicating a positive relevancy(+)(p<.01).

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.60-67
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this research was to develop the apple dressing sauce added pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) and chitosan which has excellent functionality and scent. An apple dressing sauce with pine added to it was manufactured and tested for sensuality and also for quality changes during storage. The sensory test of the sauces added pine mushroom, the apple dressing sauce added pine mushroom and the apple dressing added pine mushroom and chitosan scored high points. The chromaticity of the apple dressing sauce with pine mushroom compared to the pine didn't show much difference in the L, a, b values and also in the sauces added pine and chitosan, the apple dressing showed less change. At $4^{\circ}C$ and 25, the viscosity of the sauces with pine mushroom showed a small increase in all samples as the storage duration went on. At $4^{\circ}C$, a continuous decrease of the pH was seen in all of the apple dressing sauce added with pine mushroom on storages and from 30 days the pH seemed to start increasing slightly. During storage, the titratable acidity in all samples of the apple dressing with pine mushroom at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\cird}C$ seemed to some what increase as the term went on but there was no significant differences to the acidity. At $4^{\circ}C$, the total viable cells in the apple dressing with pine mushroom showed $1.7{\times}10^{2}CFU/g$ which was the lowest in the beginning of storage period but as the storage period grew longer the total viable cells increased in all of the samples.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.313-322
• /
• 2018

To investigate the changing patterns of sub-alpine forest vegetation due to climate change requires accumulation of contiguous reference data and continuous monitoring. Furthermore, it is crucial to monitor short-term ecological change of lower level vegetation to understand the trend of long-term vegetation change. Therefore, this study carried out a vegetation survey and tree diameter measurement in 36 plots of Mt. Jiri inhabited by Abies koreana species from 2015 to 2017 to examine the short-term dynamics of Abies koreana seedling and the change of vegetation distribution according to altitude. We analyzed the importance value and MIV (mean importance value) of major species by each stratum as well as the importance value and species diversity index of major species and the change of seedling population by altitude. The results showed that Abies koreana had the highest importance value on tree layer, Rhododendron schlippenbachii on shrub layer and Tripterygium regelii on herb layer. MIV was high in the order of Abies koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Regarding the species composition and species diversity index (H') along the altitudinal gradient, Sasa borealis showed high MI and low H' in the elevation less than 1,500 m, and IV of Tripterygium regelii and H' of herb layer were high in the elevation of 1,700 - 1,800 m. Abies koreana seedling decreased by 22.4% from 1,250 n/ha in 2015 to 970 n/ha in 2017 (p <0.05) throughout the investigated area. The decline rate along seedling and sapling height were 22.9% in less than 10 cm, 3.4% in 10-30 cm, 8.9% in 30-50 cm, 39.3% in 50-100 cm, and 55.1% more than 100 cm. Few of A. koreana seedlings appeared due to the dominance of Sasa borealis in the elevation of 1,500 m or less and due to the dominance and high species diversity of Tripterygium regelii in the elevation of 1,700-1,800 m. On the other hand, many of A. koreana seedlings appeared in the elevation of 1,600-1,700 m due to no distribution of S. borealis and T. regelii species in that altitude range. Therefore, we concluded that those seedlings and saplings of A. koreana could be more stable in the altitude of 1,600-1,700 m.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 2003

Objectives: The oriental medical care has been getting popular in community health centers because of uniqueness, changing of disease patterns, and increasing of elderly population. From 1998, oriental medical doctors has been working in several rural community health centers for their military obligations. At this point of time, it is necessary to evaluate the oriental public health doctors system. This study was performed to investigate the utilization patterns, the degree of satisfactions, needs of oriental medical care service provided by community health center in a designated Gun area. This study focused on the need for extending over Myun area of community health center's oriental medical care services. Methods: Person-to-person interview survey method through a structured questionnaire was done by a personnel at a oriental medical care service room in a Gun community health center. The major statistical method used for the analysis were the t-test, ANOVA, and logistic analysis. Results: The total number of responded subjects in this study was 163 residents. Among these 65.0% were aged 61 or over, and only 13.5% recognized themselves were healthy. 73.7% of the respondents demanded establishment of more oriental medical care services provided by community health center to other Myun area. Factors affecting the need for enlargement of oriental medical care service room were education level, subjective awareness of access to community health center, and cost satisfaction of oriental medical service provided by community health center. Thus, a resident who had graduation of middle school achievement or above(OR=3.35), had a long way to center(OR=2.47), satisfied with oriental medical service cost(OR=2.78) had demonstrated increased chance of need by logistic regression analysis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.26-33
• /
• 2006

Background: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NPPV) has been increasingly used over the past decade in the management of acute or chronic respiratory failure and weaning of mechanical ventilation. We performed this clinical study to evaluate the usefulness of NPPV in patients who developed acute respiratory failure or post-extubation respiratory failure. Methods: We analysed thirty four patients(sixteen males and eighteen females, mean ages 58 years) who applied NPPV(BIPAP S/T, Respironics co., USA) for respiratory failure or weaning difficulty at medical intensive care unit(MICU), emergency room and general ward of a tertiary hospital. We evaluated the underlying causes of respiratory failure, duration of treatment, the degree of adaptation, complication and predictive parameters of successful outcome. Results: The overall success rate of NPPV was seventy-one percent. The duration of NPPV applying time, baseline blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, $SaO_2$ were not different between success group and failure group. But, the baseline pH was higher in the success group. Predictors of success were higher baseline pH, patients with underlying disease of COPD, improvement of vital sign and arterial blood gas value after NPPV application. The success rate in patients with post-extubation respiratory failure was eighty percent. There were no serious complication on applying NPPV except minor complications such as facial skin erythema, abdominal distension & dry mouth. Conclusion: NPPV may be effective treatment in patients with acute respiratory failure or post-extubation respiratory failure in selected cases.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.16
• /
• pp.217-218
• /
• 2003

제7차 교육과정의 기본방향인 '21세기의 세계화 정보화 시대를 주도할 자율적이고 창의적인 한국인 육성'에서 볼 수 있듯이, 새로운 교육과정에서는 학생들의 창의력을 신장시키기 위한 방안으로 교과별 교육과정이나 재량활동 운영 등을 제시한 바 있다. 수학교육에서도 이러한 시대적 흐름에 발맞추어 수학적 창의력의 신장이 강조되고 있는 상황이다. 그동안 이론적인 측면과 실제적인 측면에서 수학적 창의성에 대한 성과가 축적되었다. 이론적인 측면에서 볼 때, Haylock(1987)등에 의해 창의력과 수학적 창의력의 구분되었으며, 특히 '수학적' 창의력에 대한 다양한 정의가 제안되었다. 실제적인 측면에서도 수학적 창의력을 측정하려는 평가 도구들이 그 동안 여러 가지로 개발하였다. 그러나, 이러한 수학적 창의력에 관한 전반적인 연구는 종국적으로 교실 수학수업에 반영되어야 함에도 불구하고, 그리 만족스럽지 못한 상황이다. 특히, 교실에서 수학수업을 실제로 담당하는 교사들이 수학적 창의력을 위한 수업을 하고자 하더라도 당장 가까이에서 구할 수 있는 교수 학습 자료가 여전히 부족한 상황이다. 물론 그 동안 교실 수학수업에서 사용할 수 있는 창의력 개발 프로그램이 전무한 것은 아니다. 그런데 그들 대부분은 게임이나 퍼즐을 이용한 것으로 그 수준이 단순 흥미유발에 그치고 있거나 소수의 영재아를 위한 소재를 중심으로, 특히 수학적 사고 과정을 따르기보다는, 시행착오를 거쳐 원하는 결과를 얻을 가능성이 많으며, 수학과의 연계성이 불분명한 채로 단순놀이에 그치는 경우가 적지 않아, 수업과 연관되어 창의력의 신장이라는 측면에서 볼 때, 적용하기 어려운 사례가 많다. 이러한 상황을 개선하는 데 기여하고자, 현재 교과교육공동연구 지원사업의 하나로 한국 학술 진흥재단의 지원을 받아, '개방형 문제(open-ended problems)'를 중심 소재로 한 '수학적 창의성'을 신장하기 위한 교수학습 프로그램을 개발하여, 중학교 1학년을 대상으로 연구를 진행하고 있다. 개방형 문제라 함은 명백한 정의가 어렵지만 Pehkeon(1995)는 개방형문제의 정의를 명백히 하기위한 시도로서 그 반대로 닫힌 문제에 대한 정의로부터 시작하여, 어떤 문제가 닫혀있다고 하는 것은 그 문제의 출발 상황과 목표 상황이 닫혀 있는 것, 즉 명백히 설명되어있을 때라면 개방형 문제는 이와 반대의 개념임을 시사하였다. Silver(1995)는 개방형 문제를 문제 자체가 다른 해석이 가능하거나 서로 다를 인정할만한 답을 가질 수 있는 문제 또는 풀이과정이 다양한 문제, 자연스럽게 다른 문제들을 제안하거나 일반화를 제시할 수 있는 문제라고 정의하였다. 따라서 개방형 문제란 출발상황이나 목표 상황의 일부가 닫혀있지 않을 때를 말하고 문제의 조건을 만족하는 해답이 여러 가지로 존재하는 문제를 뜻한다. 수학적 창의력을 개발하는 데, 다른 문제 유형보다도, 개방형 문제가 유리하다는 점은 이미 여러 학자들에 의해 주장되어왔다. 미국 국립영재교육센터(NRCG/T)는 기존의 사지선다형이나 단답형 문제와 질문들은 학생들의 사고 능력에 관한 정보를 거의 알려주지 못하기 때문에 한 가지 이상의 답을 요구하는 ‘open-ended' 또는 ’open-response' 문제와 질문을 가지고 수학 분야에서의 창의적 사고 능력과 표현능력을 측정해야 한다고 하였고, 개방형 문제가 일반적으로 정답이 하나인 문제보다 고차원적인 사고를 요구하게 하는 문제 형태라고 하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 근거를 바탕으로 개방형 문제의 유형을 다양한 답이 존재하는 문제, 다양한 해결 전략이 가능한 문제, 답이 없는 문제, 문제 만들기, 일반화가 가능한 문제 등으로 보고, 수학적 창의성 중 특히 확산적 사고에 초점을 맞추어 개방형 문제가 확산적 사고의 요소인 유창성, 독창성, 유연성 등에 각각 어떤 영향을 미치는지 20주의 프로그램을 개발, 진행하여 그 효과를 검증하고자 한다. 개방형 문제를 활용한 수학적 창의력 신장 프로그램을 개발하고 현장 학교에 실험 적용하여 그 효과를 분석하고자 하는 본 연구는 창의력 신장에 비중을 두는 수학과 교수-학습 과정에 실제적인 교수 학습 자료를 제공하는 것뿐만 아니라 교사들에게는 수학교실에서 사용 가능한 실제적인 활용방안을, 학생들에게는 주어진 문제를 여러 가지 각도에서 생각하면서 다양한 사고를 경험하는 기회를 가질 수 있어, 수학을 보는 학생들의 태도에도 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.40
• /
• pp.63-77
• /
• 2006

The Purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the improvement or the contents or clothing curriculum in the 7th technology home economics of middle school. The standard of satisfaction of students' according to the detail domains and the standard of necessity and practical use and learners' patterns of activity task suggested in textbooks were evaluated. The ninth grade 169 boy students and 336 girl students in the national capital region were participated in this survey. According to the survey results, firstly, a dress domain got the highest relative importance(28.56%) while a clothes material domain took the lowest relative importance(8.07%) among various detail domains. Secondly, the standard of satisfaction according to each detail domain fell below the average. Generally girls' satisfaction for teaching was higher than boys'. Thirdly, a clothes material domain showed the lowest necessity for textbook contents according to detail domain and other domains showed above the average. The necessity for textbook contents appeared high for boy students rather than girl students. In addition, boy and girl students did not have interest in content relevance in textbook. Especially, they could not do well and understand experiments and practices in clothing section. Finally, The degree of utilization of the activity task ill textbooks was very low. Among various activity tasks, the learning by discovering and exploring were more utilized than cooperating learning.