• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2009

천연 식물 추출물을 구강 질환에 활용하는 방안을 모색하기 위하여, 본 연구는 인진쑥에서 추출한 쑥추출액을 치의학분야에 활용하고자 S. gordonii Challis, S. gordoii G9B, S. mutans GS5, S. sobriuns 6715, E. faecalis ATCC 4083, A. actinomycetem Y4, P. gingivalis A7A1-28, P. gingivalis W83, Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611, F. nucleatum KTCT 2488, C. albicans ATCC 18804에 대한 항균효과를 미생물학적으로 실험하여, 생균수 검사를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 인진쑥추출액에 의한 최소억제농도(minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC)와 최소살균농도(minimum bactericidal concentration; MBC)가 모두 쑥추출액 농도 2.0%이하에서 관찰된 세균은 치주질환 원인균인 P. gingivalis A7A1-28와 P. gingivalis W83, Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611로 나타났다. 2. P. gingivalis A7A1-28의 MIC는 쑥추출액 농도 1.2%, MBC는 2.0%로 관찰되었다. 3. P. gingivalis W83의 MIC는 쑥추출액 농도 1.4%, MBC는 2.0%로 관찰되었다. 4. Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611의 MIC는 쑥추출액 농도 1.2%, MBC는 2.0%로 관찰되었다. 천연 자연물질인 인진쑥이 구강질환을 일으키는 대표적인 균주에 대한 효과를 연구한 본 실험의 결과, 인진쑥은 구강 세균, 특히 P. gingivalis A7A1-28와 P. gingivalis W83, Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611에 대한 항균효과가 있음이 증명되었다. 따라서 이 천연물질이 부작용이 없는 한계 내에서 사용된다면, 구강질환자의 구강 환경 개선을 위한 치약, 구강세척제 등의 구강용품들을 통해 임상에 적극적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.997-1001
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• 2013

Background: Lymphangiogenesis, assessed as lymphovascular density (LVD), is the initial step of generalized tumor lymphovascular invasion (LVI). It also involves VEGF-C as the most important protein family. Lymphangiogenesis among breast cancer cases correlations with several clinicopathological factors are important to determine prognosis and treatment strategies, but results have been controversial and require clarification. Aim: To define correlations between VEGF-C expression, LVD and LVI with several clinicopathological parameters from Indonesian breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Using a cross-sectional study, a total of 48 paraffin-embedded tissues of breast cancer from Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Indonesia were assessed for VEGF-C expression, LVD and LVI by immunohistochemistry. Correlations of these markers with clinicopathological parameters like patient age, tumor size, lymph node status, grade, ER/PR and Her-2 status, cell proliferation and p-53 expression were investigated by linear analysis. Correlations of VEGF-C expression and LVI with several clinicopathological parameters were analyzed with Coefficient Contingency Chi-Square test. Results: The mean of patients age was 53.0 year, pre and post-menopausal patients accounting for 56.3% and 43.8%, respectively. Some 10.4% were well, 41.7% moderate and 47.9% poorly differentiated. ER positivity was evident in 50% while PR and Her-2 positivity was found in 31.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Breast cancer cells with over-expression of p-53 was 64.6% and with high cell proliferation was 56.3%. Lymph node metastasis was noted in 63.5%, and LVI in 72.9%. Significant correlations were found between LVD and tumor size (p:0.037), grade (p:0.000), lymphnode status (p:0.036), LVI (p:0.003), as well as with p-53 and cell proliferation. There were also significant correlation of VEGF-C (p:0.011) and LVI (p:0.001) with tumor grade. Only ER status was found to have a correlation with tumor size (p:0.027). Conclusions: This study suggested that in Indonesian breast cancer patients, lymphangiogenesis is correlated with tumor size, grade, lymph node status and tumor lymphovascular invasion, the latter also being related with p-53 over expression and high cell proliferation.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.426-426
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 GaAs p-i-n 접합 구조에 InAs 양자점을 삽입한 양자점 태양전지(Quantum Dot Solar Cell; QDSC)의 내부 전기장(internal electric field)을 조사하기 위하여 Photoreflectance (PR) 방법을 이용하였다. QDSC 구조는 GaAs p-i-n 구조의 공핍층 내에 8주기의 InAs 양자점 층을 삽입하였으며 각 양자점 층은 40 nm 두께의 i-GaAs로 분리하였다. InAs/GaAs QDSC는 분자선박막 성장장치(molecular beam epitaxy; MBE)를 이용하여 성장하였다. 이 때 양자점의 형성은 InAs 2.0 ML(monolayer)를 기판온도 $470^{\circ}C$에서 증착하였다. QDSC 구조에서 여기광원의 세기에 따른 전기장의 변화를 조사하였다. 아울러 양자점 층 사이의 i-GaAs 층 내에 6.0 nm의 AlGaAs 퍼텐셜 장벽(potential barrier)을 삽입하여 퍼텐셜 장벽 유무에 따른 전기장 변화를 조사하였다. PR 측정에서 여기광원으로는 633 nm의 He-Ne 레이저를 이용하였으며 여기광의 세기는 $2mW/cm^2$에서 $90mW/cm^2$까지 변화를 주어 여기광세기 의존성실험을 수행하였다. 여기광의 세기가 증가할수록 photovoltaic effect에 의한 내부 전기장의 변화를 관측할 수 있었다. PR 결과로부터 p-i-n 구조의 p-i 영역과 i-n 접합 계면의 junction field를 검출하였다. p-i-n의 i-영역에 양자점을 삽입한 경우 PR 신호에서 Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO)의 주파수가 p-i-n 구조와 비교하여 변조됨을 관측하였다. 이러한 FKO 주파수성분은 fast Fourier transform (FFT)을 이용하여 검출하였다. FKO의 주파수 성분들은 고전기장하에서 electron-heavyhole (e-hh)과 electron-lighthole (e-lh) 전이에 의해 나타나는 성분으로 확인되었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.7
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• pp.290-291
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• 2006

The effect of praseodymium substitution on the ferroelectric properties of $Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}$ thin films have been investigated. Ferroelectric Pr-substituted $Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}$ thin films were fabricated by chemical solution deposition onto Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrates. The structure and morphology of the films were analyzed using Xray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. About 200-nm-thick BPT films grown at $720^{\circ}C$ exhibited a polycrystalline structure and showed excellent ferroelectric properties with a remanent polarization ($2P_r$) of $28.21\;{\mu}C/cm^2$ at an applied voltage of 5 V. The films a1so demonstrate fatigue-free behavior up to $10^{11}$ read/write switching cycles with 1 MHz bipolar pulses at an electric field of ${\pm}5\;V$.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2008

pH지시약을 YPL배지에 첨가하여 진단배지로 사용하였으며, 진단배지의 발색반응을 기준으로 오염균을 진단할 수 있는 기술을 개발코자 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 느타리버섯의 액체종균에 병원균 P. tolaasii, P. agarici, T. koningii, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. virens에 대한 오염진단을 위해 BG, MR, BP, BTB, PR 5종의 지시약이 각각 포함된 배지에서 발색반응 결과 BTB첨가배지는 녹색에서 청록색, PR첨가배지는 주황색에서 적색으로 변하여 오염균 진단배지로 선발하였다. 그리고 이후의 실험에서 BTB보다 PR첨가배지의 흡광도 변화율이 크게 나타나 YPL배지에 PR을 첨가한 액체 및 고체진단배지를 최종적으로 선발하였다. 5일간 배양된 액체종균의 진단배지 발색반응으로 세균(Pseudomonas sp.)접종구는 액체 및 고체진단배지 모두 적색의 발색반응이 나타났고, 푸른곰팡이(Trichoderma sp.)접종구는 액체진단배지에서 연두색으로 나타났으며, 고체진단배지의 경우 선홍색으로 나타났다. 따라서 액체종균 오염진단은 YPLP고체진단배지에서 가장 발색반응이 뚜렷하여 적합한 배지로 판명되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2002

식물은 병원균이나 여러 가지 환경스트레스에 내하여 사기 방어기작을 가지며, 특히 PR 단백질은 병원균의 침입시에 동물의 면역반응과 유사한 생체방어반응을 나타내는 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 고추에서 항균 특성을 나타내는 PR5 유전자를 클로닝하고 이들의 특성을 구명하였다. 고추에서 서로 다른 3종의 PR5 유전자, CAPR5-1, CAPR5-2, CAPR5-3를 클로닝하였다. 이들 유전자의 특성을 조사하고 아미노산 수준에서 유사성을 비교하여 본 결과, 서로간에는 90% 이삳의 상동성을 나타내었고 이들의 2차구조를 비교한 결과 중요한 domain은 높은 상동성을 나타내어 PR5 유전자들이 항균 특성을 나타내는데 매우 중요한 motif로 작용할 것으로 사료된다. CAPR5-1, CAPR-2, CAPR5-3 유전자들의 항균성 정도를 조사하기 위하여 이들 유전자를 대장균에서 발현시켜 단백질을 분리하여 고추 역병균인 phytophthora capsici에 처리한 결과, 균사의 성장이 억제되어 CAPR5-1, CAPR5-2, CAPR5-3 단백질들이 항균성을 지니고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.72.2-73
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• 2003

We found a soybean (Glycine max) cultivar 561 that was strongly resistant to a virulent bacterial strain of a Pseudomonas spp. Further identification revealed that the Pseudomonas spp. was a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore we identified specific genes involved in the resistance of soybean 561 and analyzed the pattern of gene expression against the Pseudomonas infection using differential-display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR). More than 126 cDNA fragments representing mRNAs were induced within 48 hours of bacteria inoculation. Among them, 28 cDNA fragments were cloned and sequenced. Twelve differentially displayed clones with open reading frames had unknown functions. Sixteen selected cDNA clones were homologous to known genes in the other organisms. Some of the identified cDNAs were pathogenesis-related genes (PR genes) and PR-like genes. These cDNAs included a putative calmodulin-binding protein, an endo-1,3-1,4-b-D-glucanase, a b-1,3-endoglucanase, a b-1,3-exoglucanase, a phytochelatin synthetase-like gene, a thiol pretense, a cycloartenol synthase, and a putative receptor-like sorineithreonine protein kinase. Among them, we found that four genes were putative pathogenesis-related genes (PR) induced significantly by the p. aeruginosa infection. These included a calmodulin-binding protein gene, a b-1,3-endoglucanase gene, a receptor-like sorine/threonine protein kinase gene, and pS321 (unknown function). These results suggest that the differentially expressed genes may mediate the strong resistance of soybean 561 to Pseudomonas aeruoginosa.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.400-407
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• 2009

A pathogenesis-related protein (PgPR5) gene that isolated from the leaf of Panax ginseng was characterized. The ORF is 756 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 251 residues. The calculated molecular mass of the matured protein is approximately 27.5 kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 7.80. A GenBank BlastX search revealed that the deduced amino acid of PgPR5 shares highest sequence similarity to PR5 of Actinidia deliciosa (80% identity, 87% similarity). PgPR5 has a C-terminal and N-terminal signal peptide, suggesting that it is a vacuolar secreted protein. The expression of PgPR5 under various environmental stresses was analyzed at different time points using real-time PCR. Our results reveal that PgPR5 is induced by salt stress, chilling stress, heavy metal, UV, and pathogen infection. These results suggest that the PgPR5 could play a role in the molecular defence response of ginseng to abiotic and pathogen attack. This is the first report of the isolation of PR5 gene from the P. ginseng.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2003

In Korea, a local soybean (Glycine max) genotype 56l. was found to be strongly resistant to a virulent bacterial strain of a Pseudomonas sp. SN239. Specific genes involved in the resistance of the soybean genotype 561 were identified and the pattern of gene expression against the Pseudomonas infection was analyzed using differential-display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR). More than 126 cDNA fragments representing mRNAs were induced within 48 hours of bacteria inoculation. Among them, 28 cDNA fragments were cloned and sequenced. Twelve differentially displayed clones with open reading frames had unknown functions. Sixteen selected cDNA clones were homologous to known genes of other organisms. Some of the identified cDNAs were pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and PR-like genes. These cDNAs included a putative calmodulin-binding protein; an endo-l,3-1,4-$\bate$-D-glucanase; a $\bate$-1,3-endoglucanase; a $\bate$-1,3-exoglucanase; a phytochelatin synthetase-like gene; a thiol protease; a cycloartenol synthase; and a putative receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase. Among them, four genes were found to be putative PR genes induced significantly by the Pseudomonas infection. These included a calmodulin-binding protein gene, a $\bate$-1,3-endoglucanase gene, a receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase gene, and pS321 (unknown function). These results suggest that the differentially expressed genes may mediate the strong resistance of soybean 561 to the strain SN239 of Pseudomonas sp.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) disease group are fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting a wide range of hosts. The group includes kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The exact nature of the infectious agent involved in the transmission of these diseases remains controversial. However, a central event in their pathogenesis is the accumulation in infected tissues of an abnormal form of a host-encoded protein, the prion protein (PrP). Whereas the normal cellular protein is fully sensitive to protease ($PrP^{sen}$), the disease-associated prion protein ($PrP^d$) is only partly degraded ($PrP^{res}$), its amino-terminal end being removed. BSE was first reported in the mid-80s in the UK. Ten years later, a new form of human prion disease, variant CJD (vCJD) developed in the wake of the BSE epidemic, and there is now strong scientific evidence that vCJD was initiated by the exposure of humans to BSE-infected tissues, thus indicating a zoonotic disease. However, the ban on the feeding of animal-derived proteins to ruminants, and the apparent lack of vertical transmission of BSE, have led to a decline in the incidence of the disease within cattle herd and therefore, an assumed decreased risk for human contacting vCJD. The origin of the original case(s) of BSE still remains an enigma even though three hypotheses have been raised. Hypotheses are i) sheep- or goat-derived scrapie-infected tissues included in meat and bone meal fed to cattle, ii) a previously undetected sporadic or genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed or iii) originating from a human TSE through animal feed contaminated with human remains. A host cellular membrane protein ($PrP^C$), which is abundant in central nervous system tissue, appear to be conformationally altered in the diseased host into a prion protein ($PrP^{Sc}$). This $PrP^{Sc}$ is detergent insoluble and partially protease-resistant ($PrP^{res}$). The term $PrP^{res}$ is normally used to describe the protein detected after protease treatment, in techniques such as Western immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using fresh/frozen tissue. Immunohistochemistry may performed with formalin-fixed tissues. Also, clinical signs of the BSE are one of the major diagnostic indicators. Recently, atypical forms (known as H- and L-type) of BSE have appeared in several European countries, Japan, Canada and the United States. An unusual case was also reported in a miniature zebu. The atypical BSE fall into two groups based on the relative molecular mass (Mm) of the unglycosylated $PrP^{res}$ band relative to that of classical BSE, one of the higher Mm (H-type) and the other lower (L-type). Both types have been detected worldwide as rare cases in older animals, at a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of prion diseases in cattle. This raises the unwelcome possibility that vCJD could increase in the human population. Now, active surveillance program against BSE is going on in Korea. In regional veterinary service lab, ELISA is applied to screen the BSE in slaughter and confirmatory tests by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemisty are carried out if there are positive or suspect in the screening test. Also, the ruminant feed ban is rigorously enforced. Removal of specified risk materials such as brain and spinal cord from cattle is mandatory process at slaughter to prevent the infected material from entering the human food chain.