• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.757-763
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• 1998

The effect of {{{{ {Ga }^{3+ } }} addition on the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence of {{{{ {SrTiO}_{3 } }}:{{{{ { Pr}^{3+ } }} was stu-died by performing the excitation emission and decay time measurements. Addition of {{{{ {Ga }^{3+ } }} in {{{{ {SrTiO}_{3 } }}:{{{{ { Pr}^{3+ } }} resulted in a considerable enhancement of {{{{ { Pr}^{3+ } }} emission intensity. From the analysis of the experimental results the following mechanism is proposed. Excitation in the {{{{ {SrTiO}_{3 } }} host lattice leads to the formation of electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band. The electrons in the conduction band re-combine radiatively with the holes trapped at {{{{ { Ga}^{3+ } }} and the energy is transferred to {{{{ { Pr}^{3+ } }} ion which give its own characteristic red emission.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.1023-1027
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 초임계 mixing을 이용하여 $SrTiO_3:\;Pr^{3+}$ 형광체 분말을 제조하였으며, 일반적 제조 방법인 고상법으로 제조된 분말과 발광특성을 비교하였다. 초임계 mixing에 의해 제조된 $SrTiO_3:\;Pr^{3+}$ 형광체 분말은 단상의 perovskite 구조를 갖으며, 형상은 구형인 좁은 입도분포를 보인다. 발광특성의 증대를 sensitizer인 $Al^{3+}$과 $Ga^{3+}$을 첨가하여 형광체의 발광특성을 관찰하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.637-642
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• 1996

Preparation and properties of potential CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) precursors for the TiO2, a major component of the perovskite materials such as PT, PLT, PZT, and PLZT were investigated. Reactions between β-diketones and TiMe3, formed in situ failed to produce stable Ti(β-diketonate)3 complexes but a stable purple solid, characterized as (OTi(BPP)2)2 (BPP=1,3-biphenyl-1,3-propanedione) was obtained when BPP was used. Several new Ti(Oi-Pr)2(β-diketonate)2 complexes with aromatic or ring substituents were synthesized by the substitution reaction of Ti(OiPr)4by β-diketones and characterized with 1H NMR, IR, ICP, and TGA. Solid complexes such as Ti(Oi-Pr)2(BAC)2 (BAC=1.-phenyl-2,4-pentanedione), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(BPP)2, Ti(Oi-Pr)2(1-HAN)2 (1-HAN=2-hydroxy-1-acetonaphthone), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(2-HAN)2 (2-HAN=1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone), Ti(Oi-Pr)2(ACCP)2 (ACCP=2-acetylcyclopentanone), and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HBP)2 (HBP=2-hydroxybenzophenone) were found to be stable toward moisture and air. Ti(Oi-Pr)2(ACCP)2 and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HBP)2 were proved to have lower melting points and higher decomposition temperatures. However, these complexes are thermally stable and pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere resulted in incomplete decomposition. Ti(Oi-Pr)2(DPM)2 (DPM=dipivaloylmethane) and Ti(Oi-Pr)2(HFAA)2 (HFAA=hexafluoroacetylacetone) were sublimed substantially during the thermal decomposition. Pyrolysis mechanism of these complexes are dependent on type of β-diketone but removal of Oi-Pr ligands occurs before the decomposition of β-diketonate ligands.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.647-659
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 TRMM/PR(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Precipitation Radar)에 의하여 관측된 공간강우분포의 수문학적 적용성을 평가하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 우선 용담댐 유역(930.38$km^2$)을 대상으로 한 TRMM/PR 자료(Y)를 추출한 후, AWS (Automatic Weather Station)에 의하여 관측된 지상강우자료(X)를 공간내삽하여 작성한 분포도와 상관분석을 실시하여 TRMM/PR 자료를 보정하는 관계식을 도출하였다(under 60mm/day : Y = 18.55X - 0.53, over 60mm/day : Y = 3.11X + 51.16). 용담댐유역 전체와 천천수위관측소 지점의 유역을 대상으로 1999년 여름의 총 7개 강우사상에 대한 SCS 직접유출량을 산정하여 봄으로써 보정된 TRMM/PR 자료의 활용방법을 검토하였다. 그 결과 실측 유출량에 대한 상대오차는 용담댐유역 전체를 대상으로 한 경우, 보정된 TRMM/PR이 11.3%$\sim$38.9%, AWS 관측치가 -1.6%$\sim$-10.3%로 나타났으며, 천천 수위관측소를 대상으로 한 경우, 보정된 TRMM/PR이 19.6%$\sim$45.6%, AWS 관측치가 0.5%$\sim$10.3%로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 1999년도 6월~9월(총 80여 개)의 TRMM/PR 자료를 이용하여 관계식을 보완하는 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Peucedani Radix herbal acupuncture(PR-HA) at St36(joksamni) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week) C57BL/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (3times a week). One of the two experimental groups was just treated with needle-prick on St36 and the other group was treated with 1% concentrations of PR-HAS at St36, for the later 8 weeks (3times /week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells of lung of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 2. Total Leukocytes and Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 3. Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA in Photomicrographs decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. According to Histological analysis of lung sections, it decreased significantly adhension of collagen in PR-HA than those of control group 5. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, in BALF and IL-4, IL-5, Il-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The number of Gr-1+/CD11b+, CD11b+, CD3-/CCR3+, CD4+, CD3e+/CD69+ , CD23+B220+ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The cytokine's manifestation of mRNA of the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with that of control group. Conclusion : We conclude that PR-HA is effective on OVA-induced asthma of C57BL/6 mouse.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.851-854
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• 1992

It was grown ZrO2:10 mol% Y2O3 single crystals doped with 1 wt% of rare earth metal ion (Ce, Pr, Nd, Er, Eu) by Skull Method. Grown crystals showed Ce:orange-red, Pr:golden-yellow, Nd:lilac, Er:pink, Eu:light pink due to dopant effect. It was examined color centers in light absorption pattern of visible region (λ= 300~700 nm); in as grown samples, absorption by Ce4+, (Pr4+, Pr3+), Nd3+, Er3+, Eu3+ ions were important, and in samples after vacuum annealing, decrease of absorption by Pr4+ ion and increase of absorption by Pr3+ ion was important, and absorption by Ce3+, Eu2+ was important due to reduction of activator.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 1995

두 가지 활성제를 분포시킨 LaOCl:Pr, Tb와 LaOCl:Pr, Eu계에서 에너지 전달을 관찰하였다. 레이저에 의한 들뜨기와 형광 스펙트럼의 관찰로부터 활성제 이온들 사이에 독특한 에너지 전달 과정이 있음을 발견하였다. $Tb^{3+}$에서 흡수한 에너지는 $Pr^{3+}$로 직접 전달되었다. 들뜬 $Pr^{3+}$의 에너지가 아래 준위인 $^1D_2$로 단계적으로 풀리는 현상이 $Eu^{3+}$에 의해 야기되었다. 비슷한 조건을 가진 $Tb^{3+}$는 $Eu^{3+}$처럼 촘촘한 $^7F_J$ 바닥 준위를 가지고 있으나 단계적 풀림에 효과적이지 못하였다. 이 결과는 에너지 전달에 있어서 이온의 양자 상태가 에너지 전달에 절대적인 조건이 되지 못하며 에너지 전달은 활성제가 가까이 있을 경우 그 준위들 사이에 경쟁적임을 보여 주었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Asthma-depression and Immunoregulation with PR-HAS(Herbal-acupuncture with Platycodi Radix infusion solution) injection at Joksamni(St36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). The experimental group(OVA-PR-HA) wase treated with concentrations(1%) of PR-HAS at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). The second experimental group(OVA-Needle prick) was treated with Needle-Prick at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells in the mice lung treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 2. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased remarkably compared with those of control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 5. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5,IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Conclusion : The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. These result suggests that Platycodi Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(St36) in C57BL/6mice may be an effictive part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.195-206
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• 2005

Spatial and temporal expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene and proteins has been recognized as inducible defense response in pepper plants. Gene expression and/or protein accumulation of PR-1, $\beta-1,3-glucanase$ and chitinase was predominantly found in pepper plants during the inoculations by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum coccodes. PR-1 and chitinase genes were also induced in pepper plants in response to environmental stresses, such as high salinity and drought. PR-1 and chitinase gene expressions by biotic and abiotic stresses were regulated by their own promoter regions containing several stress-related cis-acting elements. Overexpression of pepper PR-1 or chitinase genes in heterogeneous transgenic plants showed enhanced disease resistance as well as environmental stress tolerances. In this review, we focused on the putative function of pepper PR-1, $\beta-1,3-glucanase$ and chitinase proteins and/or genes at the biochemical, molecular and cytological aspects.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2004

The conformations of dicyclopropyl, isopropyl cyclopropyl, and diisopropylcarbenes were optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). We showed that the optimized geometries of carbenes with cyclopropyl groups are fully in accord with those expected for bisected W-shaped conformations, in which the effective hyperconjugation of a cyclopropyl group with singlet carbene can occur. The stabilization energies were evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) + ZPE level using an isodesmic equation. The relative stability of carbenes is in the order $(c-Pr)_2$C: > (i-Pr)(c-Pr)C: > $(i-Pr)_2$C:, and a cyclopropyl group stabilizes carbene more than an isopropyl group by nearly 9 kcal/mol. Energies for the decomposition of diazo compounds to carbenes increase in the order $(c-Pr)_2$ < (i-Pr)(c-Pr) < $(i-Pr)_2$ by ~9 kcal/mol each. From a singlettriplet energy gap ($E_{ST}$) calculation, the singlet level is lower than the triplet level and the $E_{ST}$ shows a trend similar to the stabilization energy calculations. For comparison, the optimized geometries and stabilization energies for the corresponding carbocations were also studied at the same level of calculation. The greater changes in geometries and the higher stabilization energies for carbocations compared to carbenes can explain the greater hyperconjugation effect.