• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.657-663
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• 2005

Collagenases are generally defined as enzymes that are capable of degrading the polypeptide backbone of native collagen under conditions that do not denature the protein. An extracellular collagenase-producing bacterial strain was isolated from kimchi and identified to be Bacillus subtilis JS-17 through morphological, cultural, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Optimum culture condition of Bacillus subtilis JS-17 for the production of collagenase was $1.5\%$ fructose, $1\%$ yeast extract, $0.5\%\;K_2HPO_4,\;0.4\%\;KH_2PO_4,\;0.01\%\;MgSO_4\cdot7H_2O,\;0.01\%\; MnSO_4\cdot4H_2O,\;,0.1\%$ citrate and $0.1\%\;CaCl_2$. The production of collagenase was optimal at $30^{\circ}C$ for 72 hr. A collagenase was isolated from the culture filtrate of Bacillus subtilis JS-17. The enzyme was purified using Amberlite IRA-900 column chromatography, Sephacryl S-300 HR column chromatography and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography The purified collagenase has an specific activity 192.1 units/mg. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 28 kDa by SDS-PACE. The purified collagenase has $100\%$ activity up to $55^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.26-35
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• 2004

We investigated the effect of physicochemical environmental factors on the community dynamics of phytoplanktons and bacteria at the Hoeya Dam Reservoir, a drinking water reservoir for Ulsan city. Water samples were collected and analyzed every two to four weeks at three sites along the reservoir from April to October, 2001. During the study period, the Secchi depths were between 0.4 and 3.5 m. At the surface layer of water column, temperature ranged 10.2 ~ $32.0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.3${\sim}$9.6, dissolved oxygen 5.5 ${\sim}$ 12.4 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 5.0 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.7 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 8.9 ${\sim}$ 60.9 mg $m^{-3}$. At the bottom layer, temperature varied 7.2 ${\sim}$ $28.9^{\circ}C$, pH 7.1 ${\sim}$ 9.3, dissolved oxygen 0.6 ${\sim}$ 9.7 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 4.5 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.9 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 4.3 ${\sim}$ 81.9 mg $m^{-3}$. The numbers of phytoplanktons were 7.4${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.6{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at surface and 2.5${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.4{\pm}10^4$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at bottom, and were positively correlated with water temperature and Chl- a concentration. Genus Stephanodiscus and genus Oscillatoria dominated on April and on May, respectively. Cyanobacterial blooms of Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Anabaena were observed from June to early September, and thereafter Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseiral dominated again. Total microbial counts ranged 1.73${\pm}10^4{\sim}1.68{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with water temperature and phytoplankton counts at surface water. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) ranged 30${\sim}4.1{\pm}10^3$ CFU $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with $BOD_5$ and $NO^3\;^-$-N concentration at bottom water. Unlike the total microbial counts, the numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as well as HPCs were higher at the bottom than the surface layer and were highest at the upper a site among the three sampling sites. Since the concentrations of fecal coliforms and streptococci were still high at the bottom of site c, where intake for water treatment plant is located, it appeared that special management of water treatment processes may be needed especially after strong rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 1994

To get a fundamental data fur management of security, validity, Quality, of Paeonia suffruficosa roots as medicinal herb, the content of paeonol, ash, and inorganic components in Moutan Radicis Cortex produced in 8 regions of Korea was investigated from Oct. 1990 to May 1991. The results are summarized as follows: The average content of paeonol was 0.65%. The content of ash was 3.53%, acid-insoluble ash 0.77% in average, both of them were suitable to the standard value as Korean medical herbs. Total nitrogen content was 1.03%, phosphate 0.55%, potassium 0.82%, and calcium 1.50% in average. The content of MgO was 0.21ppm, 325.83ppm in Fe, 1.82ppm in Cr, 3.73ppm in Cu, 18.93ppm in Zn and Mn 21.27ppm, respectively. Especially Hg was not detected in the products of all regions. The average content of Cd was 0.25ppm, Pb 3.09ppm in Moutan Radicis Cortex, so they were estimated suitably to use as medicinal herb.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.491-504
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• 2016

Jinwon Au-Ag deposit is located in the Uijin gun which is southeast 300 km from Seoul. The deposit area consists of mainly Precambrian Hongjesa granite, which occurs as porphyroblastic texture, medium grain and composed of quartz, feldspar and mica. This deposit consists of four parallel hydrothermal quartz veins that fill NE oriented fractures in Precambrian Hongjesa granite. The grade of quartz veins contain from 3.0 to 21.4 g/t (average 6.4 g/t) gold and from 5.0 to 252.0 g/t (average 117.9 g/t) silver, respectively. They vary from 0.2 m to 0.6 m (average 0.3 m) in thickness and extend to about 200 m in strike length. Quartz veins occur as massive, network, cavity, breccia, crustiform, comb and zonal textures. Wallrock alteration has silicification, sericitization, pyritization and argillitization. The mineralogy of the quartz veins consists of quartz, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, electrum, tetrahedrite, canfieldite, argentite, Ag-Sb-S mineral, Mn-Fe-O mineral, Pb-O mineral and Pb-P-Cl-O mineral(chloro-pyromorphite). Chemical compositions of minerals from this deposit are as followed; Fe/Fe+Mg of sericite is from 0.32 to 0.71, As content of arsenopyrite ranges from 27.91 to 30.33 atomic %, FeS content of sphalerite range from 9.77 to 16.76 mole %, Ag content of electrum is from 29.42 to 37.41 atomic % and Ag content of tetrahedrite range from 32.17 to 36.53 wt.%, respectively. Baased on mineralogy and chemical compositions of minerals from Jinwon Au-Ag deposit, deposition of minerals was caused by a change in temperature, oxygen fugacity($fO_2$) and sulfur fugacity($fS_2$) from the near neutral hydrothermal fluid evolved by reaction with wallrock.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.238-250
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• 1993

Sixty two natural habitats of Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim) were investigated to obtain basic data on the plant growth and the soil physico-chemical properties such as pH, mineral elements, organic matter content, soil separats and texture. Analyzed results can be summarized as follows. 1. Plant height and dry matter yield of the samples higher in late August and early September, although they varied greatly depending on the sampling date and location. 2. The plant shoot should higher contents of N, P, K. Ca and Mn than root and the plant root was higher in Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn contents than shoot. 3. Soil pH and Ca content of the natural habitats were higher, but the contents of P$_2$O$_{5}$, K, Mg, Na and organic matter were lower than those of the average soil in Korea. The soil texture of natural habitats showed much higher portion of sand and extremely low portion of silt and clay 4. Korean lespedeza is well adapted to soils so low in fertility and organic matter that other crops and most weed fail. also it appears to thrive on the loamy sands, sandy loams of the piedmont region and on similar soils with variously physico-chemical properties.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2023

Acid mine drainage(AMD) treatment is classified as both passive and active treatment. During the treatment, about 5,000 tons of neutralization sludge is generated as a by-product per year in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of sludge generated from physico·chemical treatment processes as an active treatment from 5 different sources (D, H, S, T, Y) and the possibility of the sludges being recycled. The sludges have a pH range of 5.86 ~ pH 7.89, and a water content range of 51% ~ 82%. Most of particle sizes were less than 25 ㎛. In analysis of inorganic elements, the concentration of Al, Fe, and Mn were between 1,189 mg/kg ~ 129,344 mg/kg, 106,132 mg/kg ~ 338,011 mg/kg, and 3,472 mg/kg ~ 11,743 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of As and Zn in sludge-T, Cd in sludge-D, Ni in sludge-H, Zn in sludge-S, and Cd in sludge-Y exceeded the soil contamination standards of Korea. The results from 2 separate kinds of leaching test, the Korea Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure(TCLP), showed that all the sludges met the Korea groundwater standards. From the XRD and SEM-EDS analysis, the peaks of calcite and quartz were found in the sludges. The sludge also had a high proportion of Fe and O, and the majority of the composition was amorphous iron hydroxide.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.374-381
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• 2005

The production of functional foods providing health benefit is one of the fast growing fields in the food industry. Mannitol as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) is a functional food. Mannitol is about $70\%$ as sweet as sucrose and slowly and incompletely absorbed from the intestine, suppling only about one-half energy value of glucose. Commercially, the mannitol is synthesized by catalytic or electrochemical reduction of glucose. However, as strong demand for natural products increased, biological techniques have been developed for mannitol production. The object of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of mannitol fermentation by Leuconostoc mesenteroides sp. strain JFY isolated from fermented vegetables. The processes parameters such as pH, temperature, yeast extract concentration, and fructose concentration were optimized. The chosen ranges were 4.5 to 7.5 for pH, 22 to $34^{\circ}C$ for temperature, 0.05 to $2.0\%$ for yeast extract. and 5 to 350 g/L for fructose. The mineral medium used consisted of 3.0g $KH_2PO_4,\;0.01g\;FeSO_4{\cdot}H_2O,\;0.01g\;MnSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O,\;0.2g\; MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O,\;0.01g\;NaCl,\;and\;0.05g\;CaCl_2$ per 1 liter of deionized water. The optimum values of pH, temperature, yeast extract, and fructose concentration were obtained at about pH 6.5, temperature $28^{\circ}C$, yeast extract $0.5\%$ and fructose 30g/L. At optimum condition, the production of mannitol amounted to 31.6g/l. We hope that these findings are of particular importance for industrial application of mannitol production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.308-308
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• 2009

유기농액비 자가제조 방법의 표준화를 위해 농가 현황조사를 통해 유기농액비 제조방법을 분류하고 제조 시기별 성분함량 변동상을 분석하였다. 조사대상 액비는 경기 9, 강원 5, 충북, 1, 충남 20, 전남 6, 경북 5, 경남 8 등 총 54종이었다. 자가제조 유기농액비에 사용된 재료는 감, 매실, 복숭아, 사과, 참다래, 토마토, 파프리카, 양파, 파, 인삼, 미나리, 민들레, 쇠비름, 쑥, 익모초, 산야초, 황기, 환삼덩굴, 으름열매, 은행과피, 배 어린 열매, 감껍질, 깻묵, 들깨대, 물미역, 쌀뜨물, 쌀겨, 꽁치, 바다생선 (잡어), 불가사리, 생선부산물(내장, 뼈 등), 액젓부산물(해산물의 뼈가 많이 함유된 물질), 동물뼈(돼지, 닭 등), 골분, 혈분, 천매암, 천일염, 계란껍질, 조개껍질, 게껍질, 새우껍질, 굴껍질, 농가부산물, 음식부산물, 구아노, 들깨 대 숯, 참깨 대 숯 등이었다. 제조방법은 기본재료+물, 기본재료+물+미생물, 기본재료+당밀, 기본재료+당밀+미생물, 기본재료+흑설탕, 기본재료+흑설탕+미생물 등이었다. 유기농액비의 화학적 특성은 다양하였으며, 혈분을 주 원료로 한 유기농액비의 화학성변화는 시간의 경과함에 따라 pH는 4.99에서 3.85로 낮아졌지만, EC, T-C, T-N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO, $Na_2O$, Fe, Mn, Zn 등은 높아졌다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2014

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCW and sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewage was fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of $314L/m^2{\cdot}day$. The summarized results were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They were maintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand) values(average 0.19 mg/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 mg/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 mg/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was $57.15g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the VFCW and $5.65g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}$-N was 80.17%(6.01 $NH_4{^+}$-N mg/L in the effluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expected that treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet the Korean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, $COD_{Cr}$ 83.11%, $COD_{Mn}$ 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, $NH_4{^+}$-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of $NO_3{^-}$-N in the effluent of the VFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was $NO_3{^-}$-N(7.92 mg/L) but the concentration of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and 55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively and therefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2016

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are both important signaling molecules involved in pain transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a well-known enzyme for the generation of superoxide anions ($O_2^{\bullet-}$), while S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) is a representative nitric oxide (NO) donor. In this study, we used patch clamp recording in spinal slices of rats to investigate the effects of $O_2^{\bullet-}$ and NO on the excitability of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. We also used confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure XO- and SNAP-induced ROS and RNS production in live slices. We observed that the ROS level increased during the perfusion of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) compound and SNAP after the loading of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate ($H_2DCF-DA$), which is an indicator of intracellular ROS and RNS. Application of ROS donors such as X/XO, ${\beta}-nicotinamide$ adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and 3-morpholinosydnomimine (SIN-1) induced a membrane depolarization and inward currents. SNAP, an RNS donor, also induced membrane depolarization and inward currents. X/XO-induced inward currents were significantly decreased by pretreatment with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN; nonspecific ROS and RNS scavenger) and manganese(III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP; superoxide dismutase mimetics). Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME; NO scavenger) also slightly decreased X/XO-induced inward currents, suggesting that X/XO-induced responses can be involved in the generation of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$). Our data suggest that elevated ROS, especially $O_2^{\bullet-}$, NO and $ONOO^-$, in the spinal cord can increase the excitability of the SG neurons related to pain transmission.