• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 1989

The properties of carburization on Fe-Cr alloys at 900-96$0^{\circ}C$were investiged. The study on carbide layer which had developed during solid-carburizing was made by use of S.E.M, E.PM.A, and X-ray analyzer. The results obtained were summarized as follows, the composition of carbide and the value of activation energy for the growth of carbide layer on each Fe-Cr alloy were 1) Fe-1Cr : M3C and 52Kcal/mole 2) Fe-3Cr and Fe-5Cr : M7C3and 85-88Kcal/mole 3) Fe-7Cr and Fe-9Cr : (M7C3+M23C6)and 55-66Kcal/mole.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

The effect of carbon addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of $Ni_3Al$ and TiAl intermetallic alloys have been characterized. It is shown that carbon is not only an efficient solid solution strengthener in $Ni_3Al$ and TiAl, it is also an efficient precipitation strengthener by fine dispersion of carbide. Transmission electron microscope investigation has been performed on the particle-dislocation interactions in $Ni_3Al$ and TiAl intermetallics containing various types of fine precipitates. In an $L1_2$-ordered $Ni_3Al$ alloy with 4 mol.% of chromium and 0.2~3.0 mol.% of carbon, fine octahedral precipitates of $M_{23}C_6$ type carbide, which has the cube-cube orientation relationship with the matrix, appear during aging. Typical Orowan loops are formed in $Ni_3Al$ containing fine dispersions of $M_{23}C_6$ particles. In the L10-ordered TiAl containing 0.1~2.0 mol.% carbon, TEM observations revealed that needle-like precipitates, which lie only in one direction parallel to the [001] axis of the $L1_0$ matrix, appear in the matrix and preferentially at dislocations. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns analyses have shown that the needle-shaped precipitate is $Ti_3AlC$ of perovskite type. The orientation relationship between the $Ti_3AlC$ and the $L1_0$ matrix is found to be $(001)_{Ti3AlC}//(001)_{L10\;matrix}$ and $[010]_{Ti3AlC}//[010]_{L10\;matrix}$. By aging at higher temperatures or for longer period at 1073 K, plate-like precipitates of $Ti_2AlC$ with a hexagonal structure are formed on the {111} planes of the $L1_0$ matrix. The orientation relationship between the $(0001)_{Ti2AlC}//(111)_{L10\;matrix}$ is and $[1120]_{Ti2AlC}//[101]_{L10\;matrix}$. High temperature strength of TiAl increases appreciably by the precipitation of fine carbide. Dislocations bypass the carbide needles at further higher temperatures.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.518-523
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• 2008

The mechanical properties of silicon carbide deposited by chemical vapor deposition process onto a graphite substrate are studied using nanoindentation techniques. The silicon carbide coating was fabricated in a chemical vapor deposition process with different microstructures and thicknesses. A nanoindentation technique is preferred because it provides a reliable means to measure the mechanical properties with continuous load-displacement recording. Thus, a detailed nanoindentation study of silicon carbide coatings on graphite structures was conducted using a specialized specimen preparation technique. The mechanical properties of the modulus, hardness and toughness were characterized. Silicon carbide deposited at $1300^{\circ}C$ has the following values: E=316 GPa, H=29 GPa, and $K_c$=9.8 MPa $m^{1/2}$; additionally, silicon carbide deposited at $1350^{\circ}C$ shows E=283 GPa, H=23 GPa, and $K_c$=6.1 MPa $m^{1/2}$. The mechanical properties of two grades of SiC coating with different microstructures and thicknesses are discussed.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2006

Structural studies have been performed on precipitation hardening discovered in $L1_2-ordered\;Ni_3(Al,Cr)$ containing 0.2 to 3.0 mol% of carbon using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fine octahedral precipitates of $M_{23}C_6$ appeared in the matrix by aging at temperatures around 973 K after solution treatment at 1423 K. TEM examination revealed that the $M_{23}C_6$ phase and the matrix lattices have a cube-cube orientation relationship and keep partial atomic matching at the {111} interface. After prolonged aging or by aging at higher temperatures, the $M_{23}C_6$ precipitates then adopt a rod-like morphology elongated parallel to the <100> directions. Deformation at temperature below 973 K, typical Orowan loops were observed surrounding the $M_{23}C_6$ particles. At higher deformation temperatures, the Orowan loops disappeared and the morphology of dislocations at the particle-matrix interfaces suggested the existence of attractive interaction between dislocations and particles. The change of the interaction modes between dislocation and particles with increasing deformation temperature can be considered as a result of strain relaxation at the interface between matrix and particles.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2017

Mechanical characteristics of the STS 304 which is heat resistance steel were investigated after artificial aging at $650^{\circ}C$ with 1,000 hours. Tensile test specimens and small test pieces were done artificial aging up to 1,000 hours in the high temperature atmospheric environment. The results present that as the aging time increased, tensile properties were deteriorated. In the case of failure mechanism, the configuration of the fractography presented drastic change from ductile to brittle with aging time. $M_{23}C_6$ carbide leading to the change of the mechanical properties and fracture mode of the aged STS 304 steel continuously precipitated along the grain boundaries of austenite microstructure.

• 분석과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1993

강 중 석출물을 추출분리한 후 이를 정량분석하는 것을 목적으로 개발된 정전위 전해법을 304 스테인레스 판재 및 선재 제조시에 발생한 결함 원인 분석에 활용하여 시료의 조직을 관찰하였으며, 결함 원인을 조사하였다. 스테인레스 선재 및 판재의 균열 전파 양상은 정전위 전해법을 이용하여 에칭한 후 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였고, 입계를 따라서 존재하는 조대한 석출물은 EDS 및 EPMA를 이용하여 성분분석을 행하였다. 이들 조대한 석출물의 구조분석은 X-선 회절 패턴을 이용하여 행하였다. 판재 및 선재 두 경우 모두 균열은 입계를 따라서 전파하고 있었으며, 입계에는 $M_{23}(C,\;B)_6$ 이외에 조대한 $M_2C$ 석출물이 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이들 석출물들의 분석에 정전위 전해에칭법을 이용함으로써 양호한 시료를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2002

It was attempted to evaluate the degree of degradation of thermally aged 2.25-1Mo steek by ultrasonic monlinear parameter(UNP) measurement and X-ray diffraction analysis of extracted carbide. Artificial aging was performed to simulate the microstructural degradation in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel arising from long time exposure at $540{\circ}C$. Microstructural analysis (number of carbides per unit area) and measurements of mechanical properties(Vickers hardness, DBTT) and degradation evaluation parameters(UNP and intensity ration of X-ray diffraction peak of electrolytically extracted carbide) were performed. Both of UNP and intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction peak for M6C carbide to that of M23C6 carbide(IR) increased abruptly in the initial 1000 hour of aging and then changed little. UNP and IR were proposed as potential parameters to evaluate the degree of aging degradation of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제6권12호
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• pp.1257-1262
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• 1996

1.0Cr-1.0Mo-0.25V강 용접부의 크립 파단 시험시 파단 발생 원인에 관한 연구가 시행되었다. 파괴는 Intercritical Heat Affected Zone에서 발생하였으며 파단면에서 구상의조대한 M6C탄화물이 발견되었다. 모재는 molybdenum 주성분의 M2C, vanadium 주성분의 M4C3 및 chromium 주성분의 M23C6와 M7C3 탄화물이 존재하였다. 모의 실험 결과 준안정 상태인 M2C 탄화물은 85$0^{\circ}C$, 10oh에서 안정한 M6C탄화물로 변태하였다. M6C 탄화물은 주변의 molybdenum 농도를 떨어뜨려 강도의 저하를 가져오며 크립 기공의 발생 원인을 제공하였다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2022

The electrochemical corrosion properties of austenitic AISI 304 steel subjected to a long-term-aging heat treatment were investigated. AISI 304 steel was aged at 700 ℃ for up to 10,000 h. The variation in the microstructure of the aged specimens was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical polarization experiments were performed to obtain the corrosion current density (Icorr) and corrosion potential (Ecorr). Analyses indicated that the metastable intermetallic carbide M₂₃C₆ formed near the γ/γ grain boundary and coarsened with increasing aging time; meanwhile, the δ-ferrite decomposed into the σ phase and into M₂₃C₆ carbide. As the aging time increased, the current density increased, but the corrosion potential of the austenitic specimen remained high (at least 0.04 ㎛/cm²). Because intergranular carbide was absent, the austenitic annealed specimen exhibited the highest pitting resistance. Consequently, the corrosion resistance of austenitic AISI 304 steel decreased as the aging heat treatment time increased.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2011

Carbide precipitation and dissolution behavior at various temperatures during heat treatment has been studied in STD11 cold working die steel through confocal scanning laser microscopy; dilatometry; and X-ray diffraction analysis. The equilibrium phase diagram and phase fractions with temperature were calculated using a FactSage program. Confocal laser microscopic observation revealed that ${\alpha}$ to ${\gamma}$ transformation temperature is near $800^{\circ}C$; M7C3 carbides melt at $1245^{\circ}C$; and the melting temperature of STD11 is near $1370^{\circ}C$. XRD results indicated that the M23C6 carbides dissolve in the matrix if austenitized at over $1030^{\circ}C$; while the M7C3 carbides remain up to $1200^{\circ}C$ although their amount decreases. The calculated equilibrium phase diagram showed good agreement with experimental results on carbide dissolution and phase transformation temperatures.