• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the antimicrobial effect on the periodontal pathogens and anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba. Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba has been used for treating as Artemisiae Capilaris Herba in Korea. Methods : Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with water. We investigated antimicrobial activity by the minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. We also investigated inhibition of IL-$1{\beta}$-induced collagenase-l(MMP-l), stromelysin-1(MMP-3), interleukin-6 gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Results : The antimicrobial effect of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba was evaluated with MIC against periodontopathogens; Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561, W50, A7A1-28, 9-14K-1, Prevotella intermedia28, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, MICs of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba were 0.156 mg/ml, 0.625 mg/ml, 0.313 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. The anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba was evaluated with Influence of herbs on the IL-$1{\beta}$-induced expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, interleukin-6, IL-$1{\beta}$ increased MMP-1, MMP-3, interleukin-6 mRNA levels. Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba significantly inhibited IL-$1{\beta}$-induced MMP-1, MMP-3, interleukin-6 gene expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : These results suggested that Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba might reduce the excessive proteolytic capacity of the gingival fibroblast during inflammation and could be developed a new drug in periodontitis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2003

대구 인공종묘 생산 기술 개발의 일환으로 수정란에 기생하여 폐사를 유발하는 세균 및 세균 감염 경로를 파악함으로써 수정란의 생존율과 부화율 향상을 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. 세균 감염 경로를 파악하기 위하여 난소와 정소 자체 세균 감염 여부를 조사하였다. 일반배지 (BHIA)와 비브리오 선택배지 (TCBS)를 사용하여 세균검사를 실시하였다. 난소의 세균 검사는 생식소 내부를 일부 절개한 후 멸균 roop를 찔러 세균을 검사하였고, 정소는 채정하기 전 복부를 절개하여 멸균 roop로서 적출하여 배지에 도말한 후 배양하였다. 수정란 내 세균 수는 수정란을 각각 20개씩 샘플하여 난 외부에 기생하는 세균을 제거하기 위하여 난소독제로 이용되고 있는 benzalkonium 0.1%로 1분간 소독한 후 멸균 생리식염수로 3회 세척하여 호모게나이즈하여 검사하였다. 호모게나이즈한 액 중 100${\mu}\ell$를 pipetting하여 일반배지(BHIA)에 도말하여 인큐베이터에서 배양하였다. 난소와 정소 내에서 세균이 검출됨에 따라 수정 시 세균 감염을 억제하기 위하여 자외선 살균해수와 일반해수를 수정액으로 사용하여 발생율을 비교 시험하였다. 수정 시간은 1분으로 동일하게 적용하였으며, 수정 용기는 멸균 처리된 일회용 100$m\ell$ 플라스틱 용기를 사용하였다. 수정 후 과다한 정자를 제거하기 위한 세란은 1$\ell$ 멸균 비이커에서 5회 30분 가량 실시하여 정자를 제거하였고 멸균 봉으로 저어주면서 수정란의 점착력을 제거하였다. 수정란은 100$\mu\textrm{m}$ 그물망으로 수정란 유실을 방지한 플라스틱 용기에 수용하여 유효수량 270$\ell$ FRP 수조에 수용하여 3$\ell$/min 환수하였고, 수온은 자연수온 1$^{\circ}C$로 유지하였다. 발생율은 만능투영기로 3회 측정하였다. 수정 후 세균과 기생충에 의한 수정란의 폐사를 억제하기 위하여 수정 직후, 수정 후 1일, 2일째 oxytetracycline과 iodine 처리에 따른 발생율 변화를 조사하였다. 발생율은 만능투영기로 조사하였고, 시험구별로 3회 측정하였다. 경과 일수별로 약제 처리는 약제 미처리 수정란 중 정상적인 발생이 이루어지고 있는 것을 선별하여 조사하였다. 약제 처리에 따른 배체 발생 단계는 수정 후 1일째는 상실기, 2일째는 포배기였다. 수정란 및 대구 자어에서 분리된 V. splendidus 에 의한 폐사를 예방하기 위해 in vivo에서 oxytetracycline 외 5종의 항생제를 대상으로 96well plate에서 최고 농도 250ppm부터 2 fold로 단계 희석하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 48시간 배양하여 MIC를 조사하였다. 세균 감염경로 파악을 위하여 난소, 정소 및 정자에서 세균을 분리한 결과 일반배지 및 비브리오 선택배지에서 모두 균이 검출되었고, 균 동정 결과 터봇 자어에서 검출된 것으로 보고된(Gatesoupe et al., 1999) V. splendidus로 나타났다. 수정액과 정자 및 미수정란의 세균 분리 결과 일반배지에서 3$\times$10/ml ~ 7$\times$10/ml로 균이 검출되었다. 수정액을 일반해수와 자외선 살균 해수를 사용하여 발생율을 비교한 결과 수정 후 3일째 발생율은 자외선 살균해수 72.3%, 일반해수 52.7%였으며, 수정 후 7일째 40.9%와 25.1%로 자외선 살균해수가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 수정 후 경과 일수별로 oxytetracycline과 Iodine을 처리한 결과 수정 직후 처리한 시험구는 7일째 19.8%와 18.9%로 대조구 23.1%와 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 수정 후 1일째 처리한 시험구는 54.5%와 56.8%, 수정후 2일째 처리구는 47.9%와 50.6%로 두 시험구 모두 대조구와 수정 직후 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 수정란 및 대구 자어에서 분리된 V. splendidus 에 의한 폐사를 예방하기 위해 in vivo에서 항생제 종류별 MIC 조사 결과 oxytetracycline이 0.48ppm으로 가장 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.589-596
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• 2010

We investigated antimicrobial activities of various pine (Pinus densiflora) needle extracts against antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Hot water extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against normal and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), however, it exhibited no antimicrobial activity against penicillin resistant S. aureus (PRSA). Hot water-hexane (HWH), hot water-ethanol (HWE), hexane, and ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, PRSA and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of HWH, HWE, hexane, and ethanol extracts were 0.05, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively, and HWH and HWE extracts showed the strongest antimicrobial activity among these extracts. Antimicrobial activities of pine needle extracts were stable after heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. These results suggested that pine needle extracts can be used as an effective natural antimicrobial agent for food and medical industries.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.400-404
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find the antimicrobial activity of garlic extracts by various processing methods(boiled, pan fried, microwave heated, pickled). Ethanol and water extracts from garlic sample were prepared and antimicrobial activities were determined against 10 microoganisms ; food borne pathogens, food poisoning microoganisms, food-related bacteria and yeasts. The ethanol extracts from the fresh and pickled garlic showed antimicrobial activities for test microoganisms, except lactic acid bacteria and yeast. However, the antimicrobial activities were decreased by heat treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of the fresh garlic extracts was determined to 0.1 mg/mL against an gram positive bacterium and 0.5 mg/mL against an gram negative bacterium. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extracts were affected by heating methods and not by pHs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

Cosmetic products including skin and essence were manufactured to analyze the effect of green tea polyphenols addition. In addition, irradiation was applied to remove an undesirable color of green tea polyphenol(GTP), which may cause a problem in the marketing, of a final product; moreover, comparative studies were conducted with the cosmetic products on whether or not antiseptics were treated to verify its use for the development of non-antiseptic cosmetic products. Growth inhibition zones were shown in the microbial study except for Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of E. coli and C. albicans was 2,500 ppm but that of S. aureus was 1,000 ppm. The numbers of E. coli and S. aureus were reduced to undetected levels when 10,000 and 5,000 ppm of polyphenol were added, respectively. Results indicate that the addition of irradiated green tea polyphenol provides a good method to manufacture functional cosmetics including skin and essence with various biological activities such as antimicrobial activity without antiseptics.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.235-241
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate cytotoxic effects of Poncirus trifoliata Raf. extract on lymphocytic leukemia tumor (L1210) cell lines. Disruptions in cell organelles were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay The comparison of Ic50 Values of Poncirus trifoliata Raf. extract in L1210 cell lines showed that their susceptibility to these fractons decreased in the following order: adriamycin > Fr.4> Fr. 6> Fr. 5> Fr. 3> Fr. 1> Fr. 2 by the MTT assay. In order to develop an antumicrobial agent, Poncirus trifoliata Raf. was extracted wit ethanol, and then it was fractionated with several mobile phase. The antitumor activities of fractions of the ethanol soluble extract was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of fractions of the ethanol soluble extract of Poncirus trifoliata Raf. against microorganisms were also examined. Antimicrobial activities of ampicillin and ketoconazole as references were compared to those of fractions of the ethanol soluble extract of Poncirus trifoliata Raf. The antimicrobial activities of all fractions from the extract had growth inhibition activities against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungi $(MIC\;>\;200{\mu}g/ml)$. These results suggest that fraction 4 of the ethanol soluble extract of Poncirus trifoliata Raf. possessed the most antitumorous agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the antimicrobial effect on the periodontal pathogens and anti-inflammatory effect of Eriobotryae folium. Eriobotryae folium are constituent herbs of Gagamgamroum, which has been used for a long time in oriental medicine as a herbal medicine for treating halitosis and toothache. Method: Eriobotryae folium was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with water. We investigated antimicrobial activity by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. We also investigated inhibition of $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ collagenase (mmp-1), stromelysin-1 (mmp-3), interleukin-6 gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts using RTPCR analysis. Result: The antimicrobial effects of Eriobotryae folium was evaluated with MIC against periodontopathogens; Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561, W50, A7A1-28, 9-14K-1, Prevotella intermedia 28, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4. MICs of Eriobotryae folium were 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 0.625 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. The anti-inflammatory effect of Eriobotryae folium was evaluated with influence of herbs on the $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ expression of mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6. $IL-1{\beta}$ increased mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6 mRNA levels. Eriobotryae folium significantly inhibited $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ mmp-1, mmp-3, and interleukin-6 gene expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggested that Eriobotryae folium might reduce the excessive proteolytic capacity of the gingival fibroblast during inflammation and could be developed as a new drug for periodontitis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the antifungal activity of Larix kaempferi essential oil against dermatophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. The active components of L. kaempferi against dermatophytes were determined (characterized by GC-MS), and the morphological changes of the dermatophytes exposed to the L. kaempferi essential oil were observed by electron microscope. Main component of L. kaempferi essential oil was (-)-bornyl acetate. In antifungal activity tests, MIC of L. kaempferi crude oil was 125 ppm on every fungi and 100% (agar dilution method) at more than 500 ppm. By using SEM and TEM, the fungal morphology of E. floccosum exposed to the L. kaempferi essential oil was different from that of normal hyphal morphology. Hyphae exposed to the L. kaempferi essential oil was damaged with distorted and collapsed surfaces. In addition, there were destruction and disorganization of organelles in cytoplasm and collapse of cell membrane. Active antifungal components from L. kaempferi essential oil were identified as terpene alcohol compounds like (-)-${\tau}$-muurolol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, and ${\alpha}$-cadinol.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1992

The absorption and excretion times of oxolinic acid(OX) used in farms as new aquatic antibiotics commonly were evaluated with determination of the effects of water temperature and feeding to parameters by using the bioassay technique. On the same time, antibacterial activity and the complex formation of oxolinic acid with serum proteins of two different fishes were compared to those oxytetracycline(OTC). With more than 10 times lower MIC values than those of OTC in the strains among 13 analyzed fish pathogens. OX did not show the decresed antibacterial activity by the binding of serum proteins in carp and tilapia. It implies more powerful potential of OX as aquatic medicine OTC. The serum concentration of OX after different administrations the oral, i.m., i.v and dipping methods were compared. The higher beginning concentration in serum and faster excretion times were obserbed in i.m. and dipping methods respectively. In the oral and i.m. administration, peak serum concentration after 24－48 hrs and slow excretion times demonstrated in both methods. These pharmacokinetic characteristics similar at $30^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ water temperature conditions, however, beginning serum concentration of OX in fish dipped in $50mg/\ell$ sol after starvation for 2 wks was appeared lower than those of fed fish. It suggests the importance of biological condition of the gill or skin for absorption of antibiotics after dipping administration.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

Changes of control efficacy of chemical to potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans in potato fields from 2001 to 2004 were examined. Control efficacy of metalaxyl was suddenly decreased from 100% in 2002 to 50% in 2004 and that of dimethomorph also was similar to those of metalaxyl. However, the control efficacy of ethaboxam no great change. Both A1 and A2 mating type isolates were isolated from 2001 to 2004 in several areas in Korea. The majority of the P. infestans isolates were A1 mating type. Total 939 isolates of P. infestans obtained from several areas in Korea from 2001 to 2004 were examined for changes of sensitivity to metalaxyl. Frequencies of metalaxyl resistance isolates were gradually increased from 17% in 2001 to 84.2% in 2004, but isolation frequencies of metalaxyl sensitive and intermediate resistant isolate were decreased. Cause of decreasing control efficacy of metalaxyl was thought by increase of resistance isolates in A1 mating type population according to increasing metalaxyl use. Most isolates were grown at 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml of dimethomorph and isolates grown at 1 ${\mu}g/ml of dimethomorph were approximately 10.2-22.9%. However, no isolate was able to grow at 5.0 ${\mu}g/ml. Based on these results, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of dimethomorph to P. infestans were determined to be 0.5-1.0 ${\mu}g/ml. Our results indicated that the reason decreasing control efficacy of dimethomorph was not caused by occurrence of resistant isolates. About 5% and 12.1% isolates among the total isolates collected in 2003 and 2004 were grown on V-8 juice rye agar containing 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml ethaboxam. The 2.1 and 25.4% isolates had MICs of 0.2-0.4 ${\mu}g/ml, and MIC values of 87.9% and 74.3% isolates were less than 0.2 ${\mu}g/ml concentrations of ethaboxam. Therefore, resistance development by P. infestans to ethaboxam is not likely to occur in the natural condition.