• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 1996

This paper reviews the toxicological role of median lethal dose ($LD_50$) based on animal and human data. Animal oral $LD_50$ values of eighty seven chemicals were collected and comparatively evaluated with human minimum toxic dose ($TD_50$). In general, animal $LD_50$ values were much higher than human $TD_50$. The ratios between $LD_50$ and TDlo were ranged from 0.01 and over 1000, suggesting safety factor of up to 1000 between humans and animals in the case of acute toxicity data. However, about 40% of chemicals investigated were within the ratio of 10. Although the cases (N=20) were small, $LD_50$ values of guinea pig were closer to human TDlo than those of other animal species. In interanimal species (rat, mouse, rabbit, dog), the ratios of $LD_50$ values were between 0.1 and 5 (up to 50-fold difference). When the data are analyzed by chemical strut-ares, human $TD_50$ values were very close to rat oral $LD_50$ values. These data suggest that rat oral $LD_50$ value might be a useful parameter predicting human TDlo and one animal species could be sufficient for acute toxicity test.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.41-44
• /
• 2005

Objectives : This experiment was conducted to reevaluate $LD_{50}$ of Korean bee venom acupuncture as many changes have occurred over the years. Methods : ICR mice were used as the experiment animals and bee venom acupuncture was manufactured under the protocols of Korean Institute of herbal Acupuncture. Based on the previous reports, experiment was divided into pre and main sections. Results : 1. Presumed $LD_{50}$ value is at 5.25mg/kg 2. Deaths of experiment animals occurred within 48 hours. 3. Reduced toxicity of the bee venom acupuncture is likely to be the results of more refined manufacturing process and production. Conclusion : Comparing with the values of the previous results, toxicity of the bee venom acupuncture showed significant changes and more accurate findings on $LD_{50}$ value must be accomplished to lead further studies on the bee venom acupuncture.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.137-140
• /
• 1995

Saponin isolated from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been shown to contain a strong anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, several pharmacological properties such as acute toxicity, local irritation and hemolytic activity of Sapindus saponin and its genin component, hederagenirl, were examined. The acute toxicity of Sapindus saponin was very low. Estimated from the LD$_{50}$ values, it showed much weaker toxicity in oral administration than in intraperitoneal injection. Hederagenin gave a very high LD$_{50}$ value even in intraperitoneal injection. Sapindus saponin showed a potent local irritation after topical application, whereas hederagenin did a very weak local irritation. Sapindus saponin also gave a high hemolytic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2011

We investigated methiozolin acute toxicity using with Sprague-Dawley rats. The results of acute oral toxicity using rats showed $LD_{50}$ value of over 2,000 mg/kg bw for methiozolin. The calculate acute dermal $LD_{50}$ value of methiozolin was over 4,000 mg/kg. The skin irritation test showed moderately irritation and weak response of eye irritation test was observed in this experimental condition. According to these results, We concluded that methiozolin was Category IV in GHS chemical classification for acute toxicity. Future, we need more chronic toxicity test for safety.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.17 no.2 s.35
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 1978

The study was conducted to determine the inherited properties of the MEB resistance to natural population of the small brown plant-hopper(Laodelphax striatelluss). The plant-hoppers were collected from the natural population of Naju area where the highest insecticide resistance of MEF to the green rice leaf hopper (Nephotettix cincticeps) have been examined in 1976. And Naju collections were crossed to the susceptible Lab stock to examine the MEP resistance in the $F_1,\;BC_1F_1\;and\;F_2$ and $F_2$ populations. Ail the data were analyzed by the probit method. There was a difference in MEP resistance between Naju collection and susceptible Lab stock, showing $LD_{50}$ value of the former was 0.0029ug/insect compared to 0.0008ug/insect for the later. The $LD_{50}$ values and dosage-mortality lines of the $F_1$ and $BC_1F_1$ tended to close their resistant parent. and it was considered that the character of the MEP resistance in the Naju collection of the small brown plant hopper was controlled by the genetic traits. However, $LD_{50}$ value and dosasage-mortality lines of the $F_2$ populations were intermediate to their parents, it would be conclusive that the trait will be governed by a interaction of the genes or factors rather than the single genic control.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.548-551
• /
• 2014

In order to reduce toxicity on the human body, four new cleaning agents (1-4) containing ester and ether functionalities have been invented. The synthesized cleaning agents's physical properties, biodegradabilities, and $LD_{50}$ values, which were conducted by Korea Testing Certification Institute by using standard method, showed excellent values. A specimen for cleaning ability was prepared by cutting in $60{\times}40mm$ size of stainless steel plate. The surface of the above specimens was treated with four different kinds of contaminants, such as cutting oil, anti-rust oil, drawing oil, and lubricating oil. Contaminated specimens were then immersed in compounds (1-4) for 1 to 5 minutes to dissolve oil in the cleaning agent. The data indicate that all compounds (1-4) exhibit good cleaning ability toward four contaminant oils. It is also confirmed that these compounds can be applicable to various industrial cleaning fields as nontoxic and biodegradable cleaning agents because of their excellent biodegradabilities and $LD_{50}$ values.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.397-400
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity of G. bimaculatus in Sprague-Dawley rats. G. bimaculatus was administered orally at doses of 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg. in this study, number of deaths, clinical sign, body weights, and pathological examination were investigated for 14 days after administration of G. bimaculatus. The results indicate that G. bimaculatus did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 5000 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.11-15
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the potency-stabilizing effects of two different diluents of botulinum toxin A (10% dextrose solution and 0.9% saline). Methods: A mouse lethality bioassay was undertaken. Ninety mice were divided into experimental and control groups which received varying dosages in subgroups of 10. The experimental group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 10% dextrose solution and the control group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 0.9% saline. A 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection, the number of dead mice was counted to confirm median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of each group. Results: The value of $LD_{50}$ in the experimental group was approximately 0.131 mL (1.31 U) and the value of $LD_{50}$ in the control group was approximately 0.107 mL (1.07 U). The potency preservation rate of the experimental group was estimated to be 93.5% and that of the control group was estimated to be 76.3%. Conclusions: Dilution with 10% dextrose solution displayed less potency loss than 0.9% saline.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.652-654
• /
• 2002

Brine shrimp assay-guided fractionation and isolation of the EtOAc soluble fraction of Phryma leptostachya L. (Phrymacaceae) gave two active compounds, phrymarolin II (1) and ursolic acid (2), which were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 exhibited potent lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 0.0013 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, whereas 2 showed moderate lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 27.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against brine shrimp. The cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 were also evaluated against one murine and five human cancer cell lines employing the sulforhodamin B (SRB) method. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against L1210 and SK-MEL-2 cells with $ED_{50}$ values of 3.70 and 9.27 mg/ml, respectively, whereas 1 was devoid of any cytotoxic activity against all cancer cells tested.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.310-313
• /
• 1996

Acute oral toxicity studies of KDRD-002 (Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide :DDB= 19.2:1) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examinations for 7 days after single oral administration of KDRD-002 with different dose levels. KDRD-002 did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral LD$_{50}$ value was over 3.25 g/kg in rats.s.