• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.247-263
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• 1996

This study focuses on a comparative study of 1960s'retro look mode in terms of the past and present in order to find out in detail how it in the past is readjusted after it was appeared in the present. For such a study, in the first place the contents of the dress and its ornament of a retro-look fashion was refined through some literature, and then, some works of the dress and its ornament of a retro-look fashion was refinded through some literature, and then, some works of eh dress and its ornament revived in 1960's mode were analysed, based on some fashion magazines at home and abroad like Bazaar, Fashion etc News in 1990s. After 1960s'retro-look mode which reappeared in 1990s was researched in terms of silhouette, detail, texture, color, and pattern, differences between those tow periods of 1960s and 1990s and their causes are summarized as follows: 1. In the aspect of silhouette, it appears that the silhouette in 1960s is that of somewhat stiff, charming image in which Body is excluded and the silhouette in 1990s is that of an soft, feminie image in which Body is emphasized. It was understood that the cause of such a delicate difference comes from the influences of the change in aesthetic senses or awareness, naturalism and neo-feminism. 2. In the aspect of detail, it appears that the detail in 1990s is of an attempt to express in diverse images, compared to that in 1960s, and new images are created new image in 1990s by means of presenting entirely ill-matched images. The major cause of that is because of Antistandard fashion. 3. In the aspect of textures, it appears that a great feature is that the texture in 1990s is of that introduced, being changed in natural and high-class looks, compared to that of 1960s. It was reviewed that the major cause of this is because of a result from the influence of naturalism and the technical growth in various fields which has brought the development of dress material. 4. In the aspect of color, it appears that the color in 1990s is of an image of primary color which is far more sensual and feminie than that of 1960s. It was studied that the major cause of ti comes from the influence of neo-feminism, etc. 5. In the aspect of pattern, it appears that the pattern in 1990s is of that of symbolism, transposition, and the ecletic feature of various modes which appear more deeply than that of 1960s. It was studied that the major cause of such changes is because of a trend of postmodernism which has brought the change of the spiritual structure different from that in the age of modernism. In conclusion, it was understood that the retro-look fashion is of an expression technic of dress and its ornament in that o dress in the pst is simply imitate, but new reconstitution is done by using the elements in the past. at the same time, ti was clarified that even though the elements in the past are revived as they were, dress and its ornament is governed by the social and cultural environments of he day, and with this proof it can be said that the fashion in each age is of a reflection of social phenomena of that age.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.345-359
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• 2006

Loss of maxillary molar teeth leads to rapid loss of crestal bone and inferior expansion of the maxillary sinus floor (secondary pneumatization). Rehabilitation of the site with osseointegrated dental implants often represents a clinical challenge because of the insufficient bone volume resulted from this phenomenon. Boyne & James proposed the classic procedure for maxillary sinus floor elevation entails preparation of a trap door including the Schneiderian membrane in the lateral sinus wall. Summers proposed another non-invasive method using a set of osteotome and the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) was proposed for implant sites with at least 5-6mm of bone between the alveolar crest and the maxillary sinus floor. The change of grafted material in maxillary sinus is important for implant survival and the evaluation of graft height after maxillary sinus floor elevation is composed of histologic evaluation and radiomorphometric evaluation. The aim of the present study was radiographically evaluate the graft height change after maxillary sinus floor elevation and the influence of the graft material type in height change and the bone remodeling of grafts in sinus. A total of 59 patients (28 in lateral approach and 31 in crestal approach) who underwent maxillary sinus floor elevation composed of lateral approach and crestal approach were radiographically followed for up to about 48 months. Change in sinusgraft height were calculated with respect to implant length (IL) and grafted sinus height(BL). It was evaluated the change of the graft height according to time, the influence of the approach technique (staged approach and simultaneous approach) in lateral approach to change of the graft height, and the influence of the type of graft materials to change of the graft height. Patients were divided into three class based on the height of the grafted sinus floor relative to the implant apex and evaluated the proportion change of that class (Class I, in which the grafted sinus floor was above the implant apex; Class II, in which the implant apex was level with the grafted sinus floor; and Class III, in which the grafted sinus floor was below the implant apex). And it was evaluated th bone remodeling in sinus during 12 months using SGRl(by $Br\ddot{a}gger$ et al). The result was like that; Sinus graft height decreased significantly in both lateral approach and crestal approach in first 12 months (p$MBCP^{TM}$ had minimum height loss. Class III and Class II was increased by time in both lateral and crestal approach and Class I was decreased by time. SGRI was increased statistically significantly from baseline to 3 months and 3 months(p<0.05) to 12 months(p$ICB^{(R)}$ single use, more reduction of sinusgraft height was appeared. Therefore we speculated that the mixture of graft materials is preferable as a reduction of graft materials. Increasing of the SGRI as time goes by explains the stability of implant, but additional histologic or computed tomographic study will be needed for accurate conclusion. From the radiographic evaluation, we come to know that placement of dental implant with sinus floor elevation is an effective procedure in atrophic maxillary reconstruction.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2017

This study investigated quality characteristics and sensory properties of gluten-free bread using teff flour and various gums. The five samples used in this study were control (wheat flour), T (teff flour), TG (teff flour, guar gum), TX (teff flour, xanthan gum), and TGX (teff flour, guar gum, xanthan gum). Baking loss, moisture content, pH, salinity, brix, dough expansion, color value, texture property, and sensory property were measured for each sample. As a result, pH was the highest in TX at 6.11 and the lowest in the control at 5.77. Salinity was the highest in the control at 0.80% and lowest in TG at 0.04%. Brix was the lowest in TX at $1.10^{\circ}Bx$. While moisture content was the highest in the control at 43.58%, gluten-free breads using teff flour had no significant difference (p<0.05). Baking loss rate of bread was no significant difference among samples (p<0.05). Dough expansion rate by fermentation was the highest in the control at 108.89% and the lowest in T at 17.84%. L-value of crust had no significant difference (p<0.05). For L-value of crumb, the control was the highest at 64.34 and T was the lowest at 33.84. In texture properties analysis, hardness was the highest in TGX at 16.00 N and the lowest in the control at 2.87 N. There was no significant difference in springiness (p<0.05). Chewiness was the highest in TX and TGX. The result of sensory properties was that while there were no significant differences in color, salty taste, flavor, and overall acceptability, there was a significant difference in softness and sweetness (p<0.05). These results showed that use of teff flour and gums rather than using only teff flour for bread manufacturing can improve quality characteristics in dough expansion and texture properties. It is considered that xanthan gum or guar gum are appropriate on bread using teff for quality characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.480-485
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• 2019

The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant capacities of protein hydrolysates from four different edible insects (Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, Allomyrina dichotoma larvae, Gryllus bimaculatus imago, and Tenebrio molitor larvae) which have recently been registered as food varieties in Korea. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from each insect using enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase, and were then separated into a fraction containing ${\leq}3kDa$. According to $RC_{50}$ values and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity results obtained from five different antioxidant analyses, the Gryllus bimaculatus (GB) hydrolysate showed relatively high levels of antioxidant capacity and, in particular, the GB hydrolysate showed considerably strong antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The GB hydrolysate also showed the strongest inhibitory effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid, and its rate of inhibition at $100{\mu}g/mL$ on day 3 of treatment was 60.26%. These results suggest that protein hydrolysates from edible insects including GB represent potential sources of natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2002

background: In an attempt to investigate the role of oxidants in the activation of phospholipase $A_2$(PLA$_2$) and endogenous oxidative stress in the lung. acute inflammatory lung injury was induced by the instillation of hydrogen peroxide into the trachea of Sprague-Dawley rats. Material and Method: To prove the hypothesis thats released oxidants from neutrophils activate the PLA$_2$ retrogradely, activities of PLA$_2$ and lysoplatelet activating factor acetyltransferase(lysoPAF AT) were assayed i hours after instillation of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, to confirm the impairing effects of the activation of PLA$_2$ associated with endogenous oxidative stress, lung weight/body weight ratio(L$\times$10$^{-3}$ B), protein contents(mg/two lungs) in bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) were measured. As neutrophilic respiratory burst has been known to play a pivotal role in the genesis of endogenous oxidative stress associated with acute inflammatory lung injury, BAL neutrophils counts and level of lung myelperoxidase(MPO) were measured after hydorgen peroxide insult. Morphological and histochemical studies were also performed to identify the effect of the endogenous oxidative stress. Result: Five hours after hydrogen peroxide instillation, lungs showed marked infiltration of neutrophils and increased weight. Protein contents in BAL increased significantly compared to those of normal rats. PLA$_2$ activity was enhanced in the hydrogen peroxide instilled group. Interestingly, the accelerated production of platelet activating factor(PAF) was confirmed by the increased activity of lysoPAF AT in the $H_2O$$_2$ employed lung. Morphologically, light microscopic findings of lungs after instillation of hydrogen peroxide showed atelectasis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, which was thought to be caused by lipid mediators produced by PLA$_2$ activation. In cerium chloride cytochemical electron microscopy, dense deposits of cerrous perhydroxide were identified. In contrast, no deposit of cerrous perhydroxide was found in the normal lung.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

To assess the effect of butachlor on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute toxicity studies for algae, invertebrate and fishes were conducted. The algae grow inhibition studies were carried out to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly knows as Selenastrum capriconutum), Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly known as Scendusmus subspicatus), and Chlorella vulgaris during the exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of P. subcapitata, D. subspicatus, and C. vulgaris to butachlor, expressed in individual $ErC_{50}$ values were 0.002, 0.019, and $10.4mgL^{-1}$, respectively and NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, and $5.34mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. P. subcapitata was more sensitive than any other algae species. Butachlor has very high toxicity to the algae, such as P. subcapitata and D. subspicatu. In the acute immobilisation test for Daphnia magna, the 24 and $48h-EC_{50}$ values were 2.55 and $1.50mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. As the results of the acute toxicity test on Cyprinus carpio, Oryzias latipes and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the $96h-LC_{50}s$ were 0.62, 0.41 and $0.24mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The following ecological risk assessment of butachlor was performed on the basis of the toxicological data of algae, invertebrate and fish and exposure concentrations in rice paddy, drain and river. When a butachlor formulation is applied in rice paddy field according to label recommendation, the measured concentration of butachlor in paddy water was $0.41mg\;L^{-1}$ and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of butachlor in drain water was $0.03 mg\;L^{-1}$. Residues of butachlor detected in major rivers between 1997 and 1998 were ranged from $0.0004mg\;L^{-1}$ to $0.0029mg\;L^{-1}$. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of algae in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.004, 0.05 and 0.36, respectively and indicated that butachlor has a risk to algae in rice paddy, drain and river. On the other hand, TERs of invertebrate in rice paddy, drain and river were 3.6, 50 and 357, respectively, well above 2, indicating no risk to invertebrate. TERs of fish in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.58, 8 and 57, respectively. The TERs for fish indicated that butachlor poses a risk to fish in rice paddy but has no risk to fish in agricultural drain and river. In conclusion, butachlor has a minimal risk to algae in agricultural drain and river exposed from rice drainage but has no risk to invertebrate and fish.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1976

The present. study reports four cases of congenital heart diseases, who received open heart surgery by the Sarn's Heart-Lung-Machine in the department of Thoracic Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital during the period between July 1975 and May 1976. The Heart-Lung-Machine consisted of the Sarn's five head roller pump motor system (model 5000), heat exchanger, bubble trap, the Rygg-Kyvsgaard oxygenator, and monitors. The priming of pump oxygenator was carried out by the hemodilution method using Hartman's solution and whole blood. Of the four cases of the heart diseases, three whose body weight were below 30kg, received the partial hemodilution priming and the remaining one whose body weight was 52kg received the total hemodilution priming with Hartman's solution alone. The rate of hemodilution was in the average of 60.5ml/kg. Extracorporeal circulation was performed at the perfusion flow rate of the average 94.0ml/kg/min, and at the moderate hypothermia between 35'5"C and 30'5"C of the rectal temperature. In the total cardiopulmonary bypass, arterial blood pressure was anged between 30 mmHg and 85 mmHg, generally maintaining over 60 mmHg and venous pressure was measured between 4 and $23cmH_2O$, generally maintaining below $10cmH_2O$. The first case: The patient, a nine year old girl having the symptoms and physical signs typical to cardiac anomaly was definitely diagnosed as isolated pulmonary stenosis through the cardiac catheterization. There was, however, no cyanosis, no pathological finding by X-ray and E.C.G. tracings. The valvulotomy was performed through the arteriotomy of pulmouary artery under the total cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and murmur and the clinical symptoms disappeared. The second case: A 12 year old boy with congenital heart anomaly was positively identified as having ventricular septal defect through the cardiac catheterization. As in the case with the first case, the patient exhibited the symptoms and physical signs typical to cardiac anomaly, but no pathological abnormality by X-ray and E.C.G. tracings. The septal defect was localized on atrioventricular canal and was 2 by 10 mm in size. The septal defect was closed by direct simple sutures under the cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative hemodynamic study revealed that the pressure of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery were decreased satisfactory. Postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and murmur and the clinical symptoms disappeared. The third case: The patient, a 19 year old girl had been experienced the clinical symptoms typical to cardiac anomaly for 16 years. The pink tetralogy of Fallot was definitey diagnosed through the cardiac catheterization. The patient was placed on an ablolute bed rest prior to the operation because of severe exertional dyspnea, fatigability, and frequent syncopal attacks. However, she exhibited very slight cyanosis. Positive findings were noted on E.C.G. tracings and blood picture, but no evidence of pathological abnormality on X-ray was observed. All of the four surgical approaches such as Teflon patch closure (3 by 4cm in size) of ventricular septal defect, myocardial resection of right ventricular outflow tract, valvulotomy of pulmonary valvular stenosis, and pericardial patch closing of ventriculotomy wound were performed in 95 minutes under the cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative hemodynamic study revealed that the pressure of the right ventricle was decreased and pulmonary artery was increased satisfactorily. Postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and murmur and the clinical symptoms disappeared. The fourth case: The patient, a 7 1/4 year old girl had the symptoms of cardiac anomaly for only three years prior to the operation. She was positively identified as having acyanotic tetralogy of Fallot by open heart surgery. The patient showed positive findings by X-ray and E.C.G. tracings, but exhibited no cyanosis and normal blood picture. All of the three surgical approaches, such a myocardial resection of hypertrophic sight ventricular outflow tract, direct suture closing of ventricular septal defect and pericardial patch closing of ventriculotomy wound were carried out in 110 minutes under the cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative hemodynamic study revealed that the pressure of the right ventricle was decreased and pulmonary artery was increased satisfactorily. Postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and the symptoms disappeared.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 1995

The male broiler chichens (Hibreed Ross P. S 120 birds) were experimented for 6 weeks in cage. while experimental diets were feded to addition 0, 0, 0. 2, 0. 5 and 1.0% levels with Root Powder of Bupleurum Falcatum Linne (RPBFL). The results were as following; The tast of RPBFL added diets was favorite as the feed intake of RPBFL diets were increased than control diet. Body weight gain (1. 845g) in 1. 0% RPBFL diet was higher enhenced by 226g/per bird than control (1. 619g). was effected above 14%. Feed re­quierment was the lowest by 2. 02 in control, and was significantly enhenced to 1. 81 in 1. 0% RPBFL diet (P<0. 01). The amounts of carcass ratio were significantly defferent effected from the broilers feding diet added with 1. 0% RPBFL (P<0. 01). Greater amounts of chest meat was produced by 253g from the broilers fed diet added 1. 0% RPBFL, was enhenced 42g than the control broilers. The chest meat vs live body weight ratio was increaced in 1. 0% added diet. According to the tendency be increased' of the RPBFL levels, the drumst­ick weight was enhenced with 1. 0% RPBFL diet. The ratio of the drumstick vs live body weight was im­proved in 1. 0% RPBFL diet. The weights of liver. spleen, heart and gizzard were heavied according to live body weight, then was improved in 1. 0% RPBFL diet. Fat accumulation (abdominal and gizzard sur­rounding) was greater abserved by 50. 12g from the broiler fed ration with 1. 0% RPBFL. Content of total serum protein was high concetration in control, then was decrased by RPBFL level. Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride contents were increased in proportion to fat accumulation ratio.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.210-220
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• 1996

Ten-day-old seedlings of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and -susceptible rice cultivars with barnyardgrass, a typical susceptible weed were soaked in oxyfluorfen at $10^{-6}M$ for 2 hrs kept for 24 hrs in the dark, and exposed to light for 0, 2, 4, or 6 hrs to investigate changes in the activity and isozyme of antioxidative enzymes. The activities of antioxidative enzymes of APOX, CAL, POX, NR, GR, MDAR and SOD in the tolerant and susceptible rice cultivate themselves didn't show any difference but the activity in the susceptible barnyardgrass was very low in comparison with rice cultivars. The activity of lipoxygenase tended to be some slightly higher in the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass than in the tolerant rice cultivars. The activities of MDAR, POX, GR and SOD, antioxidative enzymes, were higher in the tolerant rice cultivars than in the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass after the treatment of oxyfluorfen. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen, in the change of POX isozyme, the activity of C band in the tolerant rice cultivars increased with increased concentration but it didn't in the susceptible rice cultivar. The activity of B band decreased slightly at $10^{-4}M$ in the susceptible barnyardgrass. Isozyme of GR, SOD and AO by the treatment of oxyfluorfen, the activity of each band between the tolerant and susceptible rice cultivars showed no difference but GR isozyme C band was disappeared in the susceptible barnyardgrass at $10^{-4}M$. In the change of esterase isozyme resulting from the treatment of oxyfluorfen, the activities of B, C and D bands decreased more in the susceptible rice cultivars than in tolerant rice cultivars, and A band was disappeared in the susceptible barnyardgrass at $10^{-4}M$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the content of antioxidant and GST activity of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and -susceptible rice cultivars with barnyardgrass, a typical susceptible weed in accordance by oxyfluorfen treatment. The content of vitamin C was higher in the tolerant rice cultivar than in the susceptible rice cultivar and barnyardgrass. The contents of vitamin E, carotenoid, glutathione(GSH, GSSG, total glutathione) were not different between the tolerant and susceptible plants. In the case of the content of vitamin C due to the treatment of oxyfluorfen, the tolerant rice cultivars, Hawon and Baru decreased less than the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the contents of vitamin E and GSH in the tolerant rice cultivars were higher than in the susceptible rice cultivars or barnyardgrass. But in the content of carotenoid was greater in the tolerant rice cultivars than in the susceptible rice cultivars but they didn`t have any difference in comparison with the susceptible barnyardgrass. And there was no difference in the content of GSSG between the tolerant and susceptible plants. When CDNB or oxyfluorfen were used as substrate, the GST activity, was higher in the tolerant rice cultivars than in the susceptible rice cultivars or batnyardgrass. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the GST activity was not induced in the rice, but was induced in the barnyardgrass. Even after the treatment of acifluorfen, bifenox and oxadiazon the GST activity was not induced in the rice cultivars.