• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1389-1394
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• 2012

Sheanut cake (SNC), expeller (SNE) and solvent extractions (SNSE) samples were evaluated to determine their suitability in animal feeding. The CP content was highest in SNSE (16.2%) followed by SNE (14.7%) and SNC (11.6%). However, metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/kg) was maximum in SNC (8.2) followed by SNE (7.9) and SNSE (7.0). The tannin phenol content was about 7.0 per cent and mostly in the form of hydrolyzable tannin (HT), whereas condensed tannin (CT) was less than one per cent. The in vitro gas production profiles indicated similar y max (maximum potential of gas production) among the 3 by-products. However, the rate of degradation (k) was maximum in SNC followed by SNE and SNSE. The $t^{1/2}$ (time taken for reaching half asymptote) was lowest in SNC (14.4 h) followed by SNE (18.7 h) and SNSE (21.9 h). The increment in the in vitro gas volume (ml/200 mg DM) with PEG (polyethylene glycol)-6000 (as a tannin binder) addition was 12.0 in SNC, 9.6 in SNE and 11.0 in SNSE, respectively. The highest ratio of $CH_4$ (ml) reduction per ml of the total gas, an indicator of the potential of tannin, was recorded in SNE (0.482) followed by SNC (0.301) and SNSE (0.261). There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in entodinia population and total protozoa population. Differential protozoa counts revealed that Entodinia populations increased to a greater extent than Holotricha when PEG was added. This is the first report on the antimethanogenic property of sheanut byproducts. It could be concluded that all the three forms of SN byproducts are medium source of protein and energy for ruminants. There is a great potential for SN by-products to be incorporated in ruminant feeding not only as a source of energy and protein, but also to protect the protein from rumen degradation and suppress enteric methanogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.534-541
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation (${\gamma}$-irradiation) at doses of 15, 30 and 45 kGy on chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors, ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradibility, in vitro CP digestibility and to monitor the fate of true proteins of full-fat soybean (SB) in the rumen. Nylon bags of untreated or ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB were suspended in the rumens of three ruminally-fistulated bulls for up to 48 h and resulting data were fitted to a nonlinear degradation model to calculate degradation parameters of DM and CP. Proteins of untreated and treated SB bag residues were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Digestibility of rumen undegraded CP was estimated using the three-step in vitro procedure. The chemical composition of raw and irradiated soybeans was similar. Results showed that phytic acid in ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB at dose of 30 kGy was eliminated completely. The trypsin inhibitor activity of 15, 30 and 45 kGy ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB was decreased (p<0.01) by 18.4, 55.5 and 63.5%, respectively. From in sacco results, ${\gamma}$-irradiation decreased (p<0.05) the washout fractions of DM and CP at doses of 30 and 45 kGy, but increased (p<0.05) the potentially degradable fractions. Gamma irradiation at doses of 15, 30 and 45 kGy decreased (p<0.05) effective degradability of CP at a rumen outflow rate of 0.05 $h^{-1}$ by 4.4, 14.4 and 26.5%, respectively. On the contrary, digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP of irradiated SB at doses of 30 and 45 kGy was improved (p<0.05) by 12 and 28%, respectively. Electrophoretic analysis of untreated soybean proteins incubated in the rumen revealed that ${\beta}$-conglycinin subunits had disappeared at 2 h of incubation time, whereas the subunits of glycinin were more resistant to degradation until 16 h of incubation. From the SDS-PAGE patterns, acidic subunits of 15, 30 and 45 kGy ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB disappeared after 8, 8 and 16 h of incubation, respectively, while the basic subunits of glycinin were not degraded completely until 24, 48 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. It was concluded that ${\gamma}$-irradiated soybean proteins at doses higher than 15 kGy could be effectively protected from ruminal degradation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.937-945
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• 2014

Green and black tea by-products, obtained from ready-made tea industry, were ensiled at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$. Green tea by-product silage (GTS) and black tea by-product silage (BTS) were opened at 5, 10, 45 days after ensiling. Fermentation characteristics and nutrient composition, including tannins, were monitored and the silages on day 45 were subjected to in vitro ruminal fermentation to assess anti-nutritive effects of tannins using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a tannin-binding agent. Results showed that the GTS and BTS silages were stable and fermented slightly when ensiled at $10^{\circ}C$. The GTS stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ showed rapid pH decline and high acetic acid concentration. The BTS was fermented gradually with moderate change of pH and acid concentration. Acetic acid was the main acid product of fermentation in both GTS and BTS. The contents of total extractable phenolics and total extractable tannins in both silages were unaffected by storage temperatures, but condensed tannins in GTS were less when stored at high temperature. The GTS showed no PEG response on in vitro gas production, and revealed only a small increase by PEG on $NH_3$-N concentration. Storage temperature of GTS did not affect the extent of PEG response to both gas production and $NH_3$-N concentration. On the other hand, addition of PEG on BTS markedly increased both the gas production and $NH_3$-N concentration at any ensiled temperature. It can be concluded that tannins in both GTS and BTS suppressed rumen fermentation, and tannins in GTS did more weakly than that in BTS. Ensiling temperature for both tea by-products did not affect the tannin's activity in the rumen.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

본 연구는 반추동물이 볏짚을 소화하는 과정 중에 주요 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 분포 변화를 연구하여 반추위내 볏짚이용효율을 증진시키기 위한 진보적 연구 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위하여 분쇄 볏짚을 기질로 사용한 In vitro 반추위 발효를 실시하였으며, 배양 0. 4, 8, 12, 48시간에 볏짚 건물 소화율 및 섬유소 분해 박테리아 균수 변화를 조사하였다. 섬유소 분해 박테리아 균수는 F. succinogenes. R. albus와 R. flavefaciens를 대상으로 Quantitative real-time PCR을 이용하여 16S rDNA의 copy No의 log값(Log copy No)을 측정하였다. 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 총 균수는 F. succinogenes, R. albus와 R. flavefaciens의 볏짚 표면 부착 및 배양액내 부유 박테리아의 총합으로 배양 시간에 따라 증식을 하여 24시간에서 최고 군집(29.0 Log copy No)을 형성하고, 이후 감소하였다. 이에 볏짚 소화율도 24시간까지 점점 큰 폭으로 증가하였고, 이후에는 점점 둔화되는 경향을 나타냈다. F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus는 배양 시작 즉시 볏짚 표면에 부착이 발생됨을 발견하였으며, 이때 이들의 부착 군집의 비율은 각각 34.5%, 84.4% 및 67.9%로 차지하였다. 그리고 이들 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 볏짚 부착 비율은 모든 균수가 공히 배양 4시간째부터 94.7% 이상 최고 수준에 이르렀고, 부착 균수는 균종에 따라 각각 배양 12시간 또는 24시간째에 최고 수준을 나타냈다. F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus의 최고 수준의 볏짚 표면 부착 속도는 배양 12시간에 시작되어 배양 24시간에 각각 10.33, 9.28 및 8.30 Log copy No/h/g DM에 도달하였다. 그리고 섬유소 분해 속도는 표면 부착 속도보다 좀 늦은 배양 24시간에 0.95% DM/h로 최고 정점에 도달하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 반추위 발효 진행 과정에서 섬유소 분해 박테리아 총균의 증식에 따라 조사료의 소화가 증가되며, 상당히 많은 섬유소 분해 박테리아들이 조사료 유입과 동시에 표면 부착이 발생하고, 이들 부착 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 활성화가 먼저 진행된 후에 섬유소 분해 활성화가 이루어져야 조사료 소화의 극대화를 가져올 수 있다는 사실을 제시하여 주었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 1998

Angiogenic activity of Aloe vera gel was investigated by in vitro assay. We obtained the most active fraction from dichloromethane extract of Aloe vera gel by partitioning between hexane and 90% aqueous methanol. The most active fraction (F3) increased the proliferation of calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells. In addition, F3 fraction induced CPAE cells to invade type I collagen gel and form capillary-like tube through in vitro angiogenesis assay, and increased the invasion of CPAE cells into matrigel through in vitro invasion assay. Furthermore, the effect on the MRNA expression of proteolytic enzymes which are key participants in the regulation of extracellular matrix degradation was investigated by northern blot analysis. F3 fraction enhanced mRNA expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and membrane-type MMP (MT-MMP) in CPAE cells whereas the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAl-1) mRNA was not changed.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside which is commonly found in almonds, bamboo shoots, and apri-cot kernels, and peach kernels. Amygdalin was first hydrolysed into prunasin, then degraded into cyanohydrin by sequential two-stage mechanism. The objective of this study was to examine the amygdalin decomposition and cyanide formation at various in vitro conditions, including acid, enzyme and anaerobic microbes (AM) in human feces (HF). In acid hydrolysis mimicking gastric environment, amygdalin was degraded to cyanide up to 0.2% in specific pH. In contrast, enzyme assay showed higher cyanide generation either by ${\beta}$-glucosidase, or by incubation with microbe. In conclusion, we are convinced of cyanide generation are occurred mainly by microbiological activities of the gut flora up to 41.53%. After ingestion with some staff, the degree and site of degradation in an organism is a key parst of regulatory decision making of that staff.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.676-680
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• 2006

The biodegradable $\beta$-tricalcium phosphate ($\beta$-TCP)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) composites were synthesized by in situ polymerization with microwave energy. The degradation behavior of $\beta$-TCP/PLGA composite was investigated by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 weeks. The molecular weight of the $\beta$-TCP/PLGA composites decreased with soaking time until week 2, whereas the loss rate of molecular weight reduced after week 2. The incubation time was needed for the degradation of the $\beta$-TCP, indicating that the $\beta$-TCP should be detached from the PLGA matrix and then degraded into SBF solution. The studies of mass loss of the composites with the soaking time revealed that the degradation behavior of PLGA would be processed with the transformation from the polymer to the oligomer followed by the degradation. Morphological changes, whisker-like, due to transformation and degradation of polymer in the composites were observed after week 2. On the basis of the results, it found that the degradation behavior of $\beta$-TCP/PLGA composites was influenced by the $\beta$-TCP content in the composites and the degradation rate of the composites could be controlled by the initial molecular weight of PLGA in the composites.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2003

When the exposure surface of restoration is brushed with various toothpaste in the mouth, wear or undesirable surface deposit of restoration can occur. Surface change of gallium alloys according to brushing and toothpaste may directly affect oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface alterations of Gallium alloys during tooth brushing with different prophylactic agents. Two gallium-alloys and an amalgam as a control were investigated. Without and with brushing were applied with three kinds of prophylactic agents on the sample for 0, 1, 5, 10, 60 and 360 minutes. At each time interval, surface roughness was recorded by a profilometer and some pictures were taken by a SEM. All results were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple comparisons and the simple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that gallium alloys are more susceptible to surface degradation during tooth brushing than amalgam with respect to the specific prophylactic agent used.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.159-168
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• 1985

In attempt to develop a drug delivery system using serum albumin microspheres, bovine serum albumin microspheres containing antitumor agent, cytarabine, were prepared. The shape, surface characteristics, size distribution, behavior of in vitro distribution, drug release behaior, and degradation of albumin microspheres in animal liver tissue homogenate and proteolytic enzyme were investigated. The shape of albumin microspheres was spherical and the surface was smooth and compact. The size distribution of the albumin microspheres was affected by dispersion forces during emulsification and albumin concentration. Distribution of albumin mirospheres after intravenous administration in rabbit was achieved immediately. In vitro, albumin microsphere matrix was so hard that it retained most of cytarabine except initial burst during the first 10 minutes, and the level of drug release during the initial burst was affected by heating temperature, drug/albumin concentration ratio and size distribution. After drug release test, the morphology of albumin micropheres was not changed. Albumin microsphere matrix was degraded by the rabbit liver tissue homogenate and proteolytic enzyme. The degree of degradation was affected by heating temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2008

Chemical analysis and in vitro studies were conducted to investigate the nutritive value for ruminants of cell mass from lysine production (CMLP) which is a by-product of the lysine manufacturing process. Proximate analysis, protein fractionation, and in vitro protein degradation using protease from Streptomyces griseus and strained ruminal fluid were carried out to estimate ruminal protein degradability of CMLP with two reference feedstuffs-soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Amino acid composition and pepsin-HCl degradability were also determined to evaluate postruminal availability. CMLP contained 67.8% crude protein with a major portion being soluble form (45.4% CP) which was composed of mainly ammonium nitrogen (81.8% soluble CP). The amount of nucleic acids was low (1.15% DM). The total amount of amino acids contained in CMLP was 40.60% DM, which was lower than SBM (47.69% DM) or FM (54.08% DM). CMLP was composed of mainly fraction A and fraction B2, while the protein fraction in SBM was mostly B2 and FM contained high proportions of B2 and B3 fractions. The proportion of B3 fraction, slowly degradable protein, in CP was the highest in fish meal (23.34%), followed by CMLP (7.68%) and SBM (1.46%). CMLP was degraded up to 51.40% at 18 h of incubation with Streptomyces protease, which was low compared to FM (55.23%) and SBM (83.01%). This may be due to the insoluble portion of CMLP protein being hardly degradable by the protease. The in vitro fermentation by strained ruminal fluid showed that the amount of soluble fraction was larger in CMLP (40.6%) than in SBM (17.8%). However, because the degradation rate constant of the potentially degradable fraction of CMLP (2.0%/h) was lower than that of SBM (5.8%/h), the effective ruminal protein degradability of CMLP (46.95%) was slightly lower than SBM (53.77%). Unavailable fraction in the rumen was higher in CMLP (34.0%) compared to SBM (8.8%). In vitro CP degradability of CMLP by pepsin was 80.37%, which was lower than SBM (94.42%) and FM (89.04%). The evaluation of protein degradability using different approaches indicated that soluble protein in CMLP may supply a large amount of ammonia in the rumen while insoluble protein can be by-passed from microbial attacks due to its low degradability. The results from this study suggest that CMLP can be used as a protein supplement to ruminants for supplying both non-protein nitrogen to rumen microbes and rumen undegradable protein to the host animal.