• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine an optimal cultivation time for populations of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) co-cultured in fermented milk and effects of soybean meal fermented milk (SBMFM) supplementation on rumen degradability in beef cattle using nylon bag technique. The study on an optimal cultivation time for yeast and LAB growth in fermented milk was determined at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-cultivation. After fermenting for 4 days, an optimal cultivation time of yeast and LAB in fermented milk was selected and used for making the SBMFM product to study nylon bag technique. Two ruminal fistulated beef cattle ($410{\pm}10kg$) were used to study on the effect of SBMFM supplementation (0%, 3%, and 5% of total concentrate substrate) on rumen degradability using in situ method at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h according to a Completely randomized design. The results revealed that the highest yeast and LAB population culture in fermented milk was found at 72 h-post cultivation. From in situ study, the soluble fractions at time zero (a), potential degradability (a+b) and effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) linearly (p<0.01) increased with the increasing supplemental levels and the highest was in the 5% SBMFM supplemented group. However, there was no effect of SBMFM supplement on insoluble degradability fractions (b) and rate of degradation (c). In conclusion, the optimal fermented time for fermented milk with yeast and LAB was at 72 h-post cultivation and supplementation of SBMFM at 5% of total concentrate substrate could improve rumen degradability of beef cattle. However, further research on effect of SBMFM on rumen ecology and production performance in meat and milk should be conducted using in vivo both digestion and feeding trials.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2015

Recently, many studies have focused on the aging and oxidative stress. Several papers reported that Vigna angularis has various biological properties including antiaging, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Methanol extract from the red bean sprouts was successively partitioned as n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and H₂O soluble fractions. We had studied lifespan extending and stress resistant effects of the fractions using Caenorhabditis elegans. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also investigated. Moreover, we had studied to find any significant change in aging-related factors such as reproduction, food intake, growth and movement of C. elegans. Our results represent that ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent lifespan extending and stress resistant effects, and this fraction was able to elevate SOD and catalase activities of worms, and reduce intracellular ROS accumulation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제32권1호통권124호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

The comparison of $IC_{50}$ values of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts on L1210, $P388D_1$ cancer and Vero normal cell lines showed that the n-hexane soluble extract of S. plebeia R. Br. retains the most growth-inhibitory activity against tumor cell lines. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against microorganisms were also examined. Antimicrobial activity of amocla and ketoconazole as references was compared to those of other solvent extracts such as $H_2O$, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity of extract had growth inhibition activity against gramnegative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi $(MIC\;>\;200\;{\mu}g/ml)$ except for n-hexane extract. Seven bacterial strains were tested for in vitro susceptibility to the extract of S. plebeia R. Br. However the n-hexane extract of S. plebeia R. Br. inhibited the growth of several bacterial strains (MIC values between 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ for gram positive bacteria, $25\;{\mu}g/ml$ for P. putida).

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne fruit (Rosaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea, Japan and China to treat sore throat, diarrhea and inflammation. The ethanol extract of C. sinensis fruit was successively partitioned as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and $H_2O$ soluble fractions. Among those fractions, the n-butanol fraction showed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide quenching activities. To verify antioxidant activities, the n-butanol fraction was checked the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and intracellular ROS levels and oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, to see if increased stress tolerance of worms by treating of the n-butanol fraction was due to regulation of stress-response gene, we quantified SOD-3 expression using transgenic strain. Consequently, the n-butanol fraction elevated SOD and catalase activities of C. elegans, and reduced intracellular ROS accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the n-butanol fraction-treated CF1553 worms exhibited significantly higher SOD-3::GFP intensity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1686-1694
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• 2019

Objective: Lignin plays a relevant role in the inhibition of cell wall (CW) structural carbohydrate degradation. Thus, obtaining accurate estimates of the lignin content in tropical plants is important in order to properly characterize the mechanism of lignin action on CW degradation. Comparing conflicting results between the different methods available for commercial use will bring insight on the subject. This way, providing data to better understand the relationship between lignin concentration and implications with tropical forage degradation. Methods: Five grass species, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Marand{\acute{u}}$, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Xara{\acute{e}}s$(MG-5), Panicum maximum cv Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv Cameroon, and Pennisetum purpureum cv Napier, were harvested at five maturity stages. Acid detergent lignin (ADL), Klason lignin (KL), acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), and permanganate lignin (PerL) were measured on all species. Lignin concentration was correlated with in vitro degradability. Results: Highly significant effects for maturity, lignin method and their interaction on lignin content were observed. The ADL, KL and ABL methods had similar negative correlations with degradability. The PerL method failed to reliably estimate the degradability of tropical grasses, possibly due to interference of other substances potentially soluble in the $KMnO_4$ solution. Conclusion: ADL and KL methods use strong acid ($H_2SO_4$) and require determination of ash and N content in the lignin residues, therefore, increasing time and cost of analysis. The ABL method has no need for such corrections and is a fast and a convenient method for determination of total lignin content in plants, thus, it may be a good option for routine laboratory analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1789-1800
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• 2019

Objective: Although alveolar macrophages play a key role in the respiratory immunity of livestock, studies on the mechanism of differentiation and survival of alveolar macrophages are lacking. Therefore, we undertook to investigate changes in the lipid metabolism and survival rate, using 3D4/31 macrophages and Dudleya brittonii which has been used as a traditional asthma treatment. Methods: 3D4/31 macrophages were used as the in vitro porcine alveolar macrophages model. The cells were activated by exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Dudleya brittonii extraction was performed with distilled water. For evaluating the cell survival rate, we performed the water-soluble tetrazolium salt cell viability assay and growth curve analysis. To confirm cell death, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using flow cytometric analysis by applying fluorescence dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Furthermore, we also evaluated cellular lipid accumulation with oil red O staining, and fatty acid synthesis related genes expression levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBR green dye. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle related gene expression levels were measured using qPCR after exposure to Dudleya brittonii extract (DB) for 12 h. Results: The ROS production and cell death were induced by PMA treatment, and exposure to DB reduced the PMA induced downregulation of cell survival. The PMA and DB treatments upregulated the lipid accumulation, with corresponding increase in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase mRNA expressions. DB-PMA co-treatment reduced the glycolysis genes expression, but increased the expressions of fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle genes. Conclusion: This study provides new insights and directions for further research relating to the immunity of porcine respiratory system, by employing a model based on alveolar macrophages and natural materials.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2003

Objectives : Gram-positive bacteria have became increasing resistant to antibacterial agents, and hence multi-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens are now a major problem in clinical medicine. There is, therefore, a need for new antibacterial agents. In the course of our screening program for potent antibacterial agent from medicinal plants, the extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza) showed antibacterial activity against methcillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. Methods : S. miltiorrhiza was extracted with 80$\%$ EtOH. The extract was suspended in H2O and fractionated successively with hexane chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-buthanol. The chloroform fraction, which showed the highest antibacterial activity(MICs, 78㎍/ml) against MRSA, was chromatographed on a silica gel column and recycling prep-LC to give the pure antibacterial component. Results and Conclusions : The second fraction among the chloroform soluble portion of an aqueous EtOH extract of S. miltiorrhiza root showed outstanding antibacterial activity against MRSA and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus compared to the other fraction. An active compound was isolated from the second fraction using silica gel column chromatoraphy and recycling prep-LC. Based on these data together with the IH-, 13C-NMR, mass and mp, the active compounds were identified tanshinone Ⅰ, dehydrotanshinone Ⅰ and cryptotanshinone. Among tanshinones, cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ MICs against MRSA and antibiotics-resistant S. aureus were 12.5, 12.5 and 6.3㎍/ml, respectively.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.326-334
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• 2009

목이버섯으로부터 항혈전활성과 항혈소판응집활성을 지니는 물질을 추출하여 추출물의 혈행개선활성을 조사하였다. 건조 목이버섯을 0.1 N NaOH, methanol, ethanol 등의 용매를 사용하여 추출하여 각 추출물의 항혈전활성을 activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time과 prothrombin time 값으로 측정한 결과 methanol 용해성 분획이 각각 100, 124, 54 s로 조사한 분획 중에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 활성 분획을 DEAE-Sepharose CL6B ion exchange column chromatography와 Sephacryl 400-HR gel permeation column chromatography로 정제하였으며 활성물질은 분자량이 150 kDa 이상인 다당류이며 mannose가 주요 구성당으로 되어 있는 xyloglucomannan의 복합다당체인 것으로 확인되었다. 정제된 다당류의 항혈전활성은 thrombin 활성을 저해하기 때문인 것으로 해석되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 1994

밭 토양(土壤)에 삼요소(三要素) 및 규산질(珪酸質) 비료(肥料) 250㎏/10a와 퇴비(堆肥) 1,000kg/10a를 18년간(年間)('75~'92)매년(每年) 연용시(連用時) 년차간(年次間) 보리 수량(收量)의 변화(變化)와 토양(土壤)의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질변화(性質變化) 및 18년차(年次)의('92)보리 수확기(收穫期) 경엽(莖葉)과 곡실(穀實)의 영양상태(營養狀態)를 분석(分析)하여 수량(收量) 증대(增大)에 미친 영향(影響)과 토양(土壤)의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질변화(性質變化)를 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 18년차(年次) 처리별(處理別) 종실수량(種實收量)은 삼요소(三要素) 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 삼요소(三要素)+규산(珪酸), 삼요소(三要素)+퇴비연용구(堆肥連用區)는 17~18% 증대(增大)되어, 규산처리구(珪酸處理區)는 퇴비처리구(堆肥處理區)와 유사(類似)한 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었다 2. 수확기(收穫期) 보리식물체(植物體)의 양분흡수량(養分吸收量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 삼요소(三要素)+규산(珪酸) 및 삼요소(三要素)+퇴비연용구(堆肥連用區)는 삼요소(三要素) 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 6~8%의 흡수량(吸收量)이 증가(增加)되었다. 그리고 삼요소(三要素) 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 삼요소(三要素)+규산(珪酸) 및 삼요소(三要素)+퇴비(堆肥) 연용구(連用區)는 인산(燐酸)과 가리(可里)의 시비효율(施肥效率)이 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 시험후(試驗後) 토양분석(土壤分析) 결과(結果) 삼요소(三要素)+규산(珪酸) 및 삼요소(三要素)+퇴비연용구(堆肥連用區)는 삼요소(三要素) 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 토양(土壤)pH, 유기물(有機物), 인산(燐酸), 치환성염기(置換性鹽基) 및 규산함량(珪酸含量)은 증가(增加)하였으나, $NO_3$-N 함량(含量)은 다소(多少) 적었다. 4. 18년간(年間)의 평균(平均) 종실(種實) 수량(收量)은 삼요소(三要素)+대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 삼요소(三要素)+규산(珪酸) 250kg/10a 연용구(連用區)는 22%, 삼요소(三要素)+퇴비(堆肥) 1,000kg/10a 연용구(連用區)는 31%의 증수(增收) 효과(效果)가 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.194-205
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• 1994

본 연구에서는 원료 석탄 핏치와 흑연화성이 우수한 THF 가용성분만을 추출한 핏치 결합재에 8H/Satin woven fabric 프리프레그 및 고탄성 및 고강도계 연속 탄소섬유 등을 보강하여 가압열성형법으로 green body 를 제조한 다음 탄화, 함침, 재탄화 및 흑연화 공정을 거쳐 열적 미 기계적물성이 우수한 CFRC를 제조하였으며, 주사전자현미경, 편광현미경, X선회절분석,열중량분석, 굴곡강도, 굴곡탄성률, 충간전단강도 등을 시험하였다. THFSP결합재를 $2300^{\circ}C$까지 열처리 한 다음 X선회절분석을 한 결과, 결정성이 가장 우수하여 (002) 면에서 $C_0$/2인 값이 3.380$\AA$였으며, 2$\theta$값도 $26.276^{\circ}$로 천연흑연의 Bragg angle에 거의 접근하였으며 공기산화 반응특성을 시험하기 위하여 등온 열중량분석을 한 결과 $2300^{\circ}C$까지 흑연화 한 THFSP결합재가 산화에 대하여 가장 우수한 저항성을 나타내었다. 섬유용적률이 증가됨에 따라 65~70%까지는 기계적 물성이 중가하는 경향을 보였지만 그이상 섬유가 보강된 CFRC는 결합재의 부족으로 인하여 오히려 기계적 물성이 감소하였다. 또한 굴곡강도 시험후 주사전자현미경으로 파괴 단면을 관찰한 결과 THFSP결합재가 흑연화성이 우수하여 파괴시 결합재가 외력에 대한 흡수가 양호하여 보강재의 파괴를 억제했기 때문에 기계적 물성도 우수하게 나타났다.