• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2007

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) mediate signal generated by neurotransmitter and hormones. Among all G proteins, Go is the most abundant in brain but its role in brain is not clearly understood. To determine the function of the alpha subunit of Go (Go$\alpha$), we search for the interacting partner of Go$\alpha$ in brain using yeast two-hybrid system. A resistant to inhibitor of cholinesterase (Ric-8B) was identified as a Go$\alpha$ interacting protein. We confirmed interaction between Go$\alpha$ and Ric-8b employing in vitro affinity binding assay and showed that the Ric-8b increased the function of Go$\alpha$. Our findings indicate that Ric-8b is possible guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Go$\alpha$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.405-411
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• 2006

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) mediate signal transduction generated by neurotransmitter and hormones. Among G-proteins, Go is classified as a member of the Go/Gi family and the most abundant heterotrimeric G protein in brain. Most of the mechanistic analyses on the activation of Go indicated its action to be mediated by the $G{\beta}{\gamma}$ dimer because downstream effectors for its ${\alpha}$ subunit have not been clearly defined. To determine the downstream effectors of alpha subunits of Go ($Go{\alpha}$), we used yeast two-hybrid system to screen $Go{\alpha}$ interacting partners in cDNA library from the human brain. A brain specific high mobility group box containing protein (BHX), A possible transcription factor, was identified as a $Go{\alpha}$ interacting protein. We confirmed interaction between $Go{\alpha}$ and BHX employing in vitro affinity binding assay. Moreover, active form of $Go{\alpha}$ preferentially interacts with BHX than inactive farm. Our findings indicate that $Go{\alpha}$ could modulate gene expression via interaction with BHX during neuronal or brain development.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2006

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) mediate signals generated by neurotransmitters and hormones Among G proteins, Go is found in a large quantity in brain and growth cone membranes of neurons. In spite of its abundance in neurons, the role of Go is not fully understood. In our previous study, we identified promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) as an interacting partner of alpha subunit of Go ($Go{\alpha}$) and confirmed their interaction employing several biochemical assays. To date, it is reported that PLZF functioned as a cell growth suppressor and a transcription repressor. To determine effect of $Go{\alpha}$ and PLZF interaction on the cellular function of PLZF, we performed luciferase reporter gene assay and BrdU incorporation assay. Co-expression of $Go{\alpha}$ and PLZF synergistically increased the effect of PLZF alone. These results suggest that $Go{\alpha}$ may act as cellular activator of PLZF. This novel feature of Go may provide insights into understanding diverse role of Go-coupled receptor as well as its cellular actions.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2009

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins, G-proteins, mediate signal transduction generated by neurotransmitters and hormones. Among G-proteins, Go proteins are the most abundant in brain and classified as a member of Gi family. Ras-like protein in all tissues (Rit), one of the small GTPases, is a member of a Ras superfamily and identified as an important regulator of neuronal differentiation and cell transformation. Recently, we have reported that Rit functioned as a candidate downstream effector for alpha subunit of Go proteins ($Go{\alpha}$) and regulated neurite outgrowth triggered by $Go{\alpha}$ activation. In this study, we showed that the GTPase domain of $Go{\alpha}$ contributed to the direct interaction with Rit. We also demonstrated that $Go{\alpha}$ could lead to an increase of Rit activity suggesting that Rit play a role as a downstream effector of $Go{\alpha}$.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2021

Full-board position evaluation in Go is a measurement of judging the advantages and disadvantages between black and white players during a game playing, and through this, the proper tactics and strategies would be undertaken in the near future. In this paper, we tried to evaluate the full-board positions of the 50 AlphaGo vs AlphaGo games using influence function that halved according to the distance. According to the experimental results, there is a limit to making accurate evaluation when the full-board position is assessed only by influence function. In order to overcome this, it is necessary to solve life-and-death problems to deal with dead stones, and it showed that if this is reinforced, we can precisely evaluate the full-board position in Go.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-39
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• 2017

In March 2016, the computer Go program, AlphaGo, defeated Sedol Lee, a Korean professional Go player of 9-dan rank. This victory by AlphaGo shows the rise in popularity of artificial intelligence (AI). Not only was this game a testament to machine performance, it was the type of game that extended the Turing test. When the interrogator cannot differentiate between human being and machine, the machine has passed the test. This article examines the interactions between AI and human beings and studies the social nature of intelligence through the AlphaGo case. Collins insists that knowledge or intelligence is social and embodied, and the interrogators in the Turing test can identify the difference between native members and non-members through their knowledge only. Applying this concept, AlphaGo, as subject A of this test, fulfilled its role of stirring up the classical "truth of human." Meanwhile, Lee as subject B, played to speak the truth by revealing his own qualities. Here, it is also important role that interrogators judge what it is. Many spectators, as interrogators, have intervened to confirm the border between human beings and machines by using their embodied and social knowledge.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2016

The competition of Go between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol attracted global interest leading AlphaGo to victory. The core function of AlphaGo is deep-learning system, studying by computer itself. Afterwards, the utilization of deep-learning system using artificial intelligence is said to be verified. Recently, the government passed the loT Act and developing its business model to promote loT. This study is on analyzing IoT business environment using deep-learning AI and constructing specialized business models.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.360-368
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• 1993

GTP binding protein (G-protein) associated with membrane and involved in signal transduction was isolated from bovine brain, and molecular weight of G protein was observed. As the results, cell membranes were homogenized from bovine brain tissues and proteins of membrane were gained using 1% cholate, and progressed the chromatography. The purification process was performed by step, DEAE-Sephacel, Ulttrogel AcA 34 and heptylamine-Sepharose column chromatography. The chromatographic fractions were confirmed by GTP binding assay and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of $Go{\alpha}$ was revealed 39,000 dalton and $G{\beta}$ 36,000 dalton. One more step of heptylamine-Sepharose was enforced to purify the GTP binding protein. Finally I gained the GTP binding protein isolated subtype of $Go{\alpha}$ and $G{\beta}$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 2004

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) transduce signals of a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters. Go is one of the most abundant G proteins in the brain and classified as the Gi/Go family due to their sequence homology to Gi proteins. While the Gi proteins inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decrease the intracellular cAMP concentration, the functions of Go is not clearly understood despite their sequence homology to Gi. The promeylocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) is a DNA binding transcription factor and is expressed highly in central nervous system (CNS). Several studies reported that PLZF may be involved in regulation segmentation/differentiation during CNS development. Here, I report that the alpha subunit of Go (Go ) interacts with PLZF. The interaction between Goa and PLZF was verified by using GST pulldown assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Our findings indicate that Goa could modulate gene expression via interaction with PLZF during neuronal or brain development.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.77-82
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• 2018

Go is the most complex board game in which the computer can not search all possible moves using an exhaustive search to find the best one. Prior to AlphaGo, all powerful computer Go programs have used the Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to overcome the difficulty in positional evaluation and the very large branching factor in a game tree. In this paper, we tried to find the best sequence of moves using an MCTS on a very small Go board. We found that a $2{\times}2$ Go game would be ended in a tie and the size of Komi should be 0 point; Meanwhile, in a $3{\times}3$ Go Black can always win the game and the size of Komi should be 9 points.