• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.49-57
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• 1995

Protein kinase C (PK-C) represents a central element transducing signals generated by a broad range of pathways which produce the lipid second messenger sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) directly or indirectly. Many dominant oncogenes have proven to function, at least in part, through this pathway Likewise, this pathway is involved in expression of other aspects of the transformed phenotype, such as tumor invasion or multidrug resistance. As expected from its broad role in cell signaling, PK-C Is also important in a range of other physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, differentiation, and nerve function.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 2005

The target costing technique, mathematically discussed by Sauers, only uses the $C_p$ index along with Taguchi loss function and ${\bar{X}}-R$ control charts to set up goal control limits. The new specification limits derived from Taguchi loss function is linked through the $C_p$ value to ${\bar{X}}-R$ control charts to obtain goal control limits. This study further considers the reflected normal loss function as well as the $C_{pk}$ index along with its lower confidence interval in forming goal control limits. With the use of lower confidence interval to replace the point estimator of the $C_{pk}$ index and reflected normal loss function proposed by Spiring to measure the loss to society, this modified and improved target costing technique would become more robust and applicable in practice. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate how this modified and improved target costing technique works.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1998

This paper proposes a fourth generation index $C_{psk}$, constructed from $C_{psk}$, by introducing the factor｜$\mu$-T｜ in the numerator as an extra penalty for the departure of the process mean from the preassigned target value T. The motivation behind the introduction of $C_{psk}$ is that when $T\neqM$ process shifts away from target are evaluated without respect to direction. All indices that are now in use assume normally distributed data, and any use of the indices on non-normal data results in inaccurate capability measurements. In this paper, a new process capability index $C_{psk}$ is introduced for non-normal process. The Pearson curve and the Johnson curve are selected for capability index calculation and data modeling the normal-based index $C_{psk}$ is used as the model for non-normal process. A significant result of this research find that the ranking of the six indices, $C_{p}$, $C_{pk}$, $C_{pm}$, ${C^*}_{psk}$, $C_{pmk}$, $C_{psk}$in terms of sensitivity to departure of the process median from the target value from the most sensitive one up to the least sensitive are $C_{psk}$, $C_{pmk}$, ${C^*}_{psk}$,$C_{pm}$, $C_{pk}$, $C_{p}$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

Process quality control, which prevents problems and risks that may occur in products and processes, has been recognized as an important issue, and SPC techniques have been used for this purpose. Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ are traditional PCIs. These traditional $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ were used only as a measure of process capability, taking into account the quality variance or the bias of the process mean. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process and this has the disadvantage that it is difficult to assess the economic losses that may arise in the enterprise. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. $C_{pm}$ is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And $C_{pm}{^+}$ is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper we developed an improved Expected Loss Capability Index using Reflected Normal Loss Function of Spring. This has the advantage that it is easy to realistically reflect the loss when the specification is asymmetric around the target value. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index ($C_{pk}$) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.153-155
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• 1981

Attempts were made to investigate on sterols of Cryptoporus volatus (Pk.) Hubb.. Its carpophores were collected in Gyeong Gi Province and extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol. From the extract eight spots were detected by T.L.C.. One of the spots was identified as ergosterol by T.L.C., G.L.C. and chemical tests.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results for the quality assurance through a statistical analysis on the output characteristics of linear accelerators belonging to Yeungnam University Medical Center by using the Shewhart-type chart, Exponentially weighted moving average chart (EWMA) chart, and process capability indices $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$. To achieve this, we used the output values measured using respective treatment devices (21EX, 21EX-S, and Novalis Tx) by medical physicists every month from September, 2012 to April, 2014. The output characteristics of treatment devices followed the IAEA TRS-398 guidelines, and the measurements included photon beams of 6 MV, 10 MV, and 15 MV and electron beams of 4 MeV, 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 16MeV, and 20 MeV. The statistical analysis was done for the output characteristics measured, and was corrected every month. The width of control limit of weighting factors and measurement values were calculated as ${\lambda}=0.10$ and L=2.703, respectively; and the process capability indices $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ were greater than or equal to 1 for all energies of the linear accelerators (21EX, 21EX-S, and Novalis Tx). Measured values of output doses with drastic and minor changes were found through the Shewhart-type chart and EWMA chart, respectively. The process capability indices $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ of the treatment devices in our institution were, respectively, 2.384 and 2.136 for 21EX, 1.917 and 1.682 for 21EX-S, and 2.895 and 2.473 for Novalis Tx, proving that Novalis Tx has the most stable and accurate output characteristics.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.248-254
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• 2011

Biotransformation of pharmacologically inactive lactone prodrug simvastatin (SV) into pharmacologically active simvastatin ${\beta}$-hydroxy acid (SVA) exhibits inter-species differences due to variations in amount and activity of esterase enzymes. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of SV and its metabolite SVA following oral doses of SV from controlled-release (CR) tablets and immediate-release (IR) tablets in rodent and canine animal models that features different esterase activity. In rat PK study, no SV was detected in plasma for both formulations due to rapid hydrolysis of SV into SVA by plasma esterase. Besides, no significant differences in PK parameters of SV or SVA were observed between both species. In dog PK study, the relative oral bioavailability of CR tablets in terms of SV was 72.3% compared to IR tablets. Regarding formulation differences in dogs, CR tablets exhibited significantly lower $C_{max}$ (p<0.05), and higher $T_{max}$ (p<0.01) and MRT (p<0.01) for both SV and SVA compared to IR tablets. Accordingly, CR tablets of SV with prolonged drug release profiles in both species might be a potential candidate for a more effective delivery of SV with reduced side effects. Besides, similar PK parameters of SV and SVA in both species despite variation in enzyme activities suggested involvement of equally potent biotransformation pathways in these animal species.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 2006

In [2] it was shown that a 1-generator quasi-cyclic code C of length n = ml of index l over $\mathbb{Z}_4$ is free if C is generated by a polynomial which divides $X^m-1$. In this paper, we prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for a cyclic code over $\mathbb{Z}_pk$ of length m to be free is that it is generated by a polynomial which divides $X^m-1$. We also show that this can be extended to finite local rings with a principal maximal ideal.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.43-60
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• 2008

Instrumental studies (e.g., aerodynamic, EPG, and EMMA) have shown that the first of two stops in sequence can be articulatorily reduced in time and space sometimes; either gradient or categorical. The current EMMA study aims to examine possible factors_linguistic (e.g., speech rate, word boundary, and prosodic boundary) and paralinguistic (e.g., natural context and repetition)_to induce gradient reduction of $C_1$ in /pk/ cluster sequences. EMMA data are collected from five Seoul-Korean speakers. The results show that gradient reduction of lip aperture seldom occurs, being quite restricted both in speaker frequency and in token frequency. The results also suggest that the place assimilation is not a lexical process, implying that speakers have not fully developed this process to be phonologized in the abstract level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.109-115
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• 2013

Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. $C_p$ and $C_{pk}$ are traditional PCIs. These are only considers of process variation. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. $C_{pm}$ is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And $C_{pm}{^+}$ is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper development of new process capability index that is Taguchi's quadratic loss function by applying the expected loss. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index ($C_{pk}$) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.