• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.713-717
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• 1993

The crystal structure of the potassium salt of penicillin V has been studied by the X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystal data are as follows; potassium 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-phenoxyacetoamido-4-thia-1- azabicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane-2${\alpha}$-carboxylate, $K^+{\cdot}C_{16}H_{18}N_2O_5S^-$, $M_r$= 388.5, triclinic, Pl, a= 9.371 (1), b= 12.497 (2), c= 15.313 (2) ${\AA},\;{\alpha}= 93.74\;(2),\;{\beta}=99.32\;(1),\;{\gamma}=90.17\;(1)^{\circ},\;V=1765.7\;(2)\;{\AA}^3$, Z=4, $D_m=1.461\;gcm^{-1},\;{\lambda}(Cu\;K{\alpha})=1.5418\;{\AA},\;{\mu}=40.1\;cm^{-1}$, F(000)=808, T=296 K. The structure was solved by the heavy atom and difference Fourier methods with intensity data measured on an automated four-circle diffractometer. The structure was refined by the full-matrix least-squares method to a final R= 0.081 for 3563 observed $[I_0{\geq}2{\sigam}(I_0)]$ reflections. The four independent molecules assume different overall conformations with systematically different orientations of the phenyl groups although the penam moieties have the same closed conformations. There are intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the exocyclic amide nitrogen and phenoxy oxygen atoms. The penam moiety is conformationally very restricted although the carboxyl and exocyclic amide groups apparently have certain rotational degrees of freedom but the phenyl group is flexible about the ether bond despite the presence of the intramolecular N-H${\cdots}$O hydrogen bond. There are complicated pseudo symmetric relationships in the crystal lattice. The penam moieties are related by pseudo 20.5 screw axes and the phenyl groups by pseudo centers of symmetry. The potassium ions, related by both pseudo symmetries, form an infinite zigzag planar chain parallel to the b axis. Each potassium ion is coordinated to seven oxygen atoms in a severely distorted pentagonal bipyramid configuration, forming the infinite hydrophilic channels which in turn form the molecular stacks. Between these stacks, there are only lipophilic interactions involving the phenyl groups.

• 전자공학회논문지D
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• 제34D권12호
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• pp.14-21
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• 1997

This study was conducte dto fabricate 2GHz circulator using Ca,Sn substituted UIG(yttrium iron garnet)ceramics. When the electric, magnetic and microwave properties were measured in Ca, Sn substituted YIG, the measured perimittivity and perfmeability in microwave frequencies were 16.25, 0.8964. For $Y_{2.4}$C $a_{0.3}$A $n_{0.3}$F $e_{3.5}$A $l_{1.5}$ $O_{12}$ garnet ceramics sintered at 1400.deg. C, the ferrimagnetic resonance line width (.DELTA.H) at 10GHz was 53 Oe and saturation magnetization was 375G. The strip-line circulator was simulated with 3-D FEM (finite element method) software and designed at the center frequency of 2GHz. The fabricated strip-line junction circulator using above YIG ceramics had insertion loss of 1.271dB, return loss of 23.843dB, isolation of 21.751dB at the center frequency 1.855GHz.z.z.z.z.z.z.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.659-669
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• 2007

견직물 시료에 치자, 소목 염색을 행한 후, 자외선에 0일, 14일, 21일, 28일 조사 시킨 후 시간의 경과에 따른 시료들의 염착량, 색채 변화, 형태 변화, 인장강도 그리고 화학적 변화를 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 염재의 종류와 매염 여부와 관계없이 자외선 조사 초기 14일 동안에는 염착량이 서서히 감소하다가 그 후에는 급격한 감소를 보였다. 명반 매염을 한 경우 염착량 감소가 더 적었으며 소목이 치자보다 자외선 차단 효과가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 자외선 조사 시간이 길어짐에 따라, $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$, H V/C, ${\Delta}E$ 등은 급격한 변화와 퇴색경향을 보였으며 명반 매염제가 자외선에 의한 탈색을 방지해 주는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 치자보다 소목의 ${\Delta}E$값이 낮게 나타났는데 이는 염착량 변화의 결과와 일치하며 소목이 치자보다 자외선 차단 효과가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 3. 염색 견직물 시료들 모두 자외선 조사 시간 경과에서, 초기에는 섬유 표면의 피브릴 분리현상을 보였으며 조사 시간 증가에 따라 섬유 표면이 더 깊고 두껍게 박리되어 손상이 심해졌으나 SEM 측정에서는 두 염료의 매염제 처리 유, 무의 차이는 발견하기가 힘들었다. 4. 자외선 조사에 따라 인장강도는 자외선 조사 14일 이후부터 감소되어 인장강도 감소율은 대략 5-20%의 유지율을 나타내었으며 매염 처리 시료의 인장강도 감소율이 더 낮았다. 5. FT-IR 분석에 의하면 자외선 조사 시간 증가에 따라 치자와 소목 주 피크들은 사라지고 견섬유의 주 피크만이 확인되었다.

• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.14-19
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• 2002

In this study, as Cu diffusion barrier, tantalum nitrides were successfully deposited on Si(100) substrate and SiO2 by plasma assisted atomic layer deposition(PAALD) and thermal ALD, using pentakis (ethylmethlyamino) tantalum (PEMAT) and $NH_3$ as precursors. The TaN films were deposited on $250^{\circ}$C by both method. The growth rates of TaN films were $0.8{\AA}$/cycle for PAALD and $0.75{\AA}$/cycle for thermal ALD. TaN films by PAALD showed good surface morphology and excellent step coverage for the trench with an aspect ratio of h/w - $1.8 : 0.12 \mu\textrm{m}$ but TaN films by thermal ALD showed bad step coverage for the same trench. The density for PAALD TaN was $11g/\textrm{cm}^3$ and one for thermal ALD TaN was $8.3g/\textrm{cm}^3$. TaN films had 3 atomic % carbon impurity and 4 atomic % oxygen impurity for PAALD and 12 atomic % carbon impurity and 9 atomic % oxygen impurity for thermal ALD. The barrier failure for Cu(200nm)/TaN(l0nm)/$SiO_2(85nm)$/Si structure was shown at temperature above $700^{\circ}$C by XRD, Cu etch pit analysis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.498-503
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• 1992

The protonation of RuH(NO)(Cyttp) resulted in the formation of $[RuH_2(NO)(Cyttp)]^+$ which is characterized as a classical cis-dihydried complex. This complex is fluxional and the intramolecular process involving a molecular hydrogen complex is proposed. This mechanism was further supported by the reactivity of this complex toward neutral 2-electron ligands. On the other hand, it failed to detect the existence of $[RuH_2(NO)(etp)]^+$ probably due to instability of the complex but the crystal structure of $[Ru(PMe_3)(NO)(etp)]^+$ formed by the protonation of RuH(NO)(etp) followed by the addition of $PMe_3$ was determined to have a trigonal bipyramidal structure with a linear NO in the equatorial plane and a facial etp ligand. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with unit cell dimensions a = 14.130(2), b = 21.026 (3), c = 14.760 (1) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = 97.88 $(l)^{\circ}$ V = 4344 ${\AA}^3$, Z = 4, R = 0.046 and $R_w$ = 0.056 for the 4779 intensities with $F_o^2 > 3{\sigma}(F_0^2)$ and the 440 variables.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.133-136
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• 2000

The molecular structure of [Cd(L)Cl]Cl·2H₂O(1)(L=3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,0/sup 1.18/,0/sup 7.12/]docosane) has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic dta for 1: triclinic space group P1, a=9.671(1), b=10.784(1), c=12.679(2)Å, α=112.31(1), β=99.49(1), γ=93.95(1)°, V=1230.6(3)ų, Z=2, R=0.0779. The coordination of the cadmium atom is a distorted square-pyramid with four secondary amines of the macrocycle occupying the basal sites (Cd-N/sub av/=2.300(3)Å) and a terminal chlorine atom at the axial position with a Cd-Cl(1) distance of 2.463(2)Å.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.232-245
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• 1995

주택용 소형 퇴비화용기에 의한 부엌쓰레기의 퇴비화 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 두가지 용기 (Type 3 과 Type 4)를 제작하여 실험실 실험을 통하여 조사하였다. 두용기의 구조는 다 같이 용기의 벽을 이중으로 하였으며 Type 4는 보온을 하였고 Type 3은 보온을 하지 않았다. 겨울철 실험을 통하여 type 3은 우리나라의 기후여건에 사용이 불가능한 것으로 판단되어 봄철 및 여름철 실험에서 제외하였다. 따라서 Type 4에 대한 3 계절 실험결과를 요 약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 퇴비화기간 중 상승한 최고온도는 겨울 $43^{\circ}C$, 봄철 $55^{\circ}C$ 그리고 여릅철 $56^{\circ}C$ 였다. 2) 퇴비화원료물질의 무게는 8주 후 평균 63.3% 그리고 부피는 78% 감소하였다. 3) 퇴비층의 밀도는 겨울철 1.5kg/l, 봄철 0.8kg/1 그리고 여름철 0.8kg/1였다. 4) 수분함량은 전 퇴비화기간 동안 큰 변동이 없었으며 8주 후 겨울철 79.3%, 봄철 75.0% 그리고 여름철 70.0%였다. 5) pH 는 모두 첫주에 증가한 후 2주째에 감소하였다. 그 이후는 계절별 차이는 있었으나 계속 증가하였다. 8주 후 pH는 겨울철 6.19, 봄철 7.59 그리고 여름철에 8.69였다. 6) 퇴비화시간의 경과에 따른 회분 및 유기물함량은 분해속도가 빠를수록 증감현상이 뚜렷하였고 cellulose 및 lignin은 증가, hemicellulose 함량은 감소하였다. 7) 질소함량은 3.3-6.8%로 높았으며, 특히 여름철에 대단히 높았다. 암모늄태 질소함량은 전반에 증가했다가 감소하였으며 겨울철 8주째 2.404mg/kg, 봄철 3주째 12,400mg/kg 그리고 여름철 3주째 20,718mg/kg으로 가장 높았다. C/N율은 퇴비화기간의 경과에 따라 감소하였으나 차이는 크지 않았다. 여름철에 질산화가 가장 활발하였다. 8) 휘발성 및 고급유기산함량은 초기에 증가했다가 계절별로 시기적 차이는 있으나 감소하였다. 총 유기산의 최고농도는 겨울철 6주째 9.7%, 봄철 6주째 14.8% 그리고 여름철에는 2주째 15.8%였다. 9) 퇴비의 부숙도와는 무관하게 각 무기성분함량은 $P_2O_5$ 0.9-4.4%, $K_2O$ 1.6-2.4%, CaO 2.2-5.4% 그리고 MgO 0.30-0.61%였다. 10) CN 및 각종 중금속함량도 퇴비화시간의 경과에 따라 큰 변화가 없었으며 각 함량범위는 계절 구분없이 CN 0.21-14.55 mg/kg, Zn 11-166 mg/kg, Cu 5-65 mg/kg, Cd 0.5-10.8 mg/kg, Pb 6-35 mg/kg, Cr ND-33 mg/kg 그리고 Hg ND-302.04 g/kg 이였으며 중금속 역시 다른 무기성분들과 마찬가지로 퇴비화가 진행되면서 축적되지는 않았다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2000

도라지에 H2O, ethanol, ethyl ether와 petroleum ether를 용매로 하여 추출한 시료를 기관지질환 유발세균(S. aureus, C. diphtheriae, Mycobacterium sp. F. nucleatum, A. funicatus, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes N. gonorrhoeae)에 투여한 결과 ethyl ether, petroleum ether, H2O와 ethanol의 순으로 항균력이 우수하다는 것이 판명되었다. 특히, ethyl ether에 의한 도라지 추출물의 항균력이 80%이상 뛰어난 효과를 나타내었다. 우수한 항균력을 가지는 도라지 추출물의 농도는 30mg부터 30%이상의 억제작용을 보였으며 70mg에서 70%이상의 세포 성장이 저해되는 현상을 관찰하였다. 기관지 질환 유발세균에 대한 도라지의 효과는 대조구에 비해 70%이상의 탁월한 항균효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

We examined physiological and histological responses related to the survival, oxygen consumption, excretion, and O/N ratio of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata, as a result of salinity changes. The 20-day $LS_{50}$ (median lethal salinity) at $15^{\circ}C$ was 13.87 practical salinity units (psu; confidence limits 10.30-18.74 psu), whereas the 14-day $LS_{50}$ at $25^{\circ}C$ was 12.59 psu (confidence limits 8.03-18.16 psu). In conditions of decreasing salinity, the osmolarity of individuals acclimated within 5 h above 26.4 psu but required more than 60 h below 13.2 psu. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates varied irregularly as salinity decreased. The O/N ratio was 19 and 27 at water temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, but decreased to 1-10 as salinity declined. The effects of decreasing salinity were observed in the histological changes to each organ of S. subcrenata. As salinity decreased, cilia fell off, the epithelial layer underwent necrosis and vacuolation, the connective tissue layers of the mantle and visceral mass were destroyed, and hemocytes increased in the gills. The results of this study could prove important in investigating causes of mass mortality and managing shellfish aquaculture farms.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.67-67
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• 2018

Trichoderma species are a rich source of metabolites, but less known for biomedical potential. This work deals with antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of intracellular non-cytotoxic metabolites, extracted from Trichoderma atroviride (KNUP001). A total of 53 fractions was collected by column chromatography and tested for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Only one fraction (F41) was found to be non-toxic to Vero cells with $95.4{\pm}0.61%$ of survival. The F41 was then subjected to chemical analysis, antibacterial and antioxidant assays. The F41 at $500{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ showed the total antioxidant of $48.70{\pm}2.90%$, DPPH radical scavenging activity of $37.25{\pm}2.25$, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity of $54.55{\pm}1.95$ and $H_2O_2$ radical scavenging activity of $43.75{\pm}3.21$. The F41 at $25{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ displayed antibacterial activity against E. coli ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$), P. mirabilis ($10.4{\pm}0.6mm$), S. dysenteriae ($18.6{\pm}03mm$), S. paratyphi A ($14.1{\pm}1.1mm$), E. aerogenes ($5.6{\pm}0.4mm$) and S. marcescens ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$). GC-MS analysis revealed the dominant presence of oleic acid C 18.1 (63.18%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.17%), and ethyl oleate (4.93%) and potent molecules such as 8-[(2E)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl (1Z)-N-hydroxy-2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethanimidothioate, Fluorene in the F41, and virtual study revealed that these molecules are likely responsible for the antibacterial activities of F41. Hence, further investigation deserves on purification and characterization of the active metabolites from T. atroviride strain KNUP001 towards developing molecular leads to effective antibacterial drugs, and non-toxic to host cells.