• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2020

When CO₂ foam is injected into the saline aquifer, the relative permeability of CO₂ decreases and its viscosity increases, thereby reducing mobility in porous media and ultimately improving CO₂ storge with enhanced sweep efficiency. In general, surfactants were used to fabricate CO₂ foam. Recently, nanoparticles have been used to form stable foam than surfactant. This paper introduces CO₂ storage technology using nanoparticle stabilized CO₂ foam. If the surface of the hydrophilic nanoparticles is partially modified into a CO₂-philic portion, the particles have an affinity for CO₂ and water, thus forming a stable CO₂ foam even in deep saline aquifers under high temperature and high salinity conditions, thereby it can be stored in the pores of the rock. In terms of economics, injection method using nanopaticle-stabilized CO₂ foam is more expensive than the conventional CO₂ injection, but it is estimated that it will have price competitiveness because the injection efficiency is improved. From an environmental point of view, it is possible to inject chemical substances such as surfactants and nanomaterials into aquifers or reservoirs for specific purposes such as pollutant removal and oil production. However, some studies have shown that nanoparticles and surfactants are toxic to aquatic animals, so environmentally proven substances should be used. Therefore, further research and development will be needed to study the production and injection of nanoparticle-stabilized CO₂ foam that are environmentally safe and economically reasonable.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 1976

Foam formation of Slag-Quartz-$\textrm{Na}_2\textrm{CO}_3$ system was investigated. The foaming agent used was sulphide and sulphate compounds which are present in the slag. The microstructures and x-ray analysis of foam slag, the effect of composition and particle size of slag on the formation temperature, and foam size and distribution of slag foam were studied. The Increment of $\textrm{Na}_2\textrm{O}$ in the slag batch composition decrease the initial foam formation temperature and enhance the foam growth. The formation of temperature and soaking time had pronounced effect on the foam growth and increasing the glass phase in the slag foam.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.275-281
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• 2011

Solar reforming of methane with $CO_2$ was successfully tested with a direct irradiated absorber on a parabolic dish capable of $5kW_{th}$ solar power. The new type of catalytically activated metallic foam absorber was prepared, and its activity was tested. Ni was applied as the active metal on the gamma - alumina coated Ni metal foam for the preparation of the catalytically-activated metal foam layer. Compared to conventional direct irradiation of the catalytically-activated ceramic foam absorber, this new metallic foam absorber is found to exhibit a superior reaction performance at the relatively low insolation or at low temperatures. In addition, unlike direct irradiation of the catalytically-activated ceramic foam absorber, metallic foam absorber has better thermal resistance, which prevents the emergence of cracks caused by mechanical or thermal shock. The total solar power absorbed reached up to 2.1kW and the maximum $CH_4$ conversion was almost 40%.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.241-246
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• 2015

Cellular foamed insulation such as polyurethane foam ages and degrades the thermal conductivity. Aging of foam is a result from the diffusion of gases, initially consisting of $CO_2$ but eventually replaced by air from the environment. The variation of the cell gas content with time is primarily influenced by the increase of thermal conductivity of the cellular foam. The weight of foam also changes as the gas diffuses and exchanges. In this study, a weight measurement method has been proposed to evaluate the effective diffusion coefficients of $CO_2$ and Air, $D_{CO2}=7.08504E-11$ and $D_{air}=4.86086E-12$, respectively and are compared with the gas analysis method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.42-49
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• 2017

A premixed combustion has many advantages including low NOx and CO emission, high thermal efficiency and a small volume of combustor. This study focused on combustion characteristics in a premixed combustion burner using the nickel based metal foam. The results show that the blue flame is found to be very stable at heating load 6,300-25,200 kcal/h by implementing the proper nickel based metal foam and baffle plate. The premixed flame mode is changed into green flame, red flame, blue flame and lift off flame with decreasing equivalence ratio. NOx emission was measured 80 ppm(0% oxygen base) from 0.710 to 0.810 of equivalence ratio and CO emission is 90 ppm(0% oxygen base) under the same equivalence ratio. It is also found that the stable blue flame region in flame stability curve becomes wider with increasing the heat load.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.133.2-133.2
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• 2010

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out in heat-exchanger typed reactor with cobalt metallic foam catalyst. Considering the heat and mass transfer limitations in the cobalt catalyst, a Co-foam catalyst with an inner metallic foam frame and an outer cobalt catalyst was developed. The Co-foam catalyst was highly selective toward liquid hydrocarbon production and the liquid hydrocarbon productivity at $203^{\circ}C$ reached to $52.5ml/(kg_{cat}{\cdot}h)$, which was higher than that obtained by the Co-pellet. Furthermore, the heat-exchanger typed reactor was developed to efficiently control the highly exothermic reaction heat. The reaction heat generated in the FTS reaction on the cobalt active site was easily transferred to reactor wall by the metallic foam in the catalyst and the transferred reaction heat was directly removed by the hot oil which circulated the wall side of the heat-exchanger typed reactor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.75-80
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of phosphorus flame retardants on the flame retardancy of the rigid polyurethane foam(PUF) was studied. Tetramethylene bis(orthophos-phorylurea)[TBPU] and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate[TCEP], Tris(2-chloropropyl)phosphate [TCPP], Triethyl phosphate[TEP] were used as flame retardant. It was found that TBPU added PUF exhibits low mean heat release rate(HRR), peak HRR, effective heat of combusion(EHC), mass loss rate (MLR), CO yield and $CO_2$ compared other flame retardants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2013

In this study, flame retardancy of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam were investigated by addition of phosphorous flame retardants. The thermal degradation behavior of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam in the presence of flame retardants has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). Heat release rate(HRR), mean HRR, mass loss rate(MLR), total smoke released(TSR) and limited oxygen index(LOI) were tested by cone calorimeter. From the test results, Phenolic foam showed low HRR, MLR and TSR than polyurethane foam.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.79-85
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• 2015

Onboard fire extinguishing system is important to protect cargo and human lives and every oil tanker has foam type fire extinguishing system. Because of environmental problem, agent which contains materials such as Perfluorinated compounds are regulated and the development of the environmental friendly agent is required. The protein foam has less environmental pollution problem and has an excellent fire extinguish performance to oil fire. In the research, bivalency metal salts were added as stabilizer to increase fire resistance and stability of the foam. Ferrous sulfate, Iron chloride and Nickel chloride were used and to adjust to vessel, sea water was applied. As a stabilizer increased, the expansion ratio was raised. However 25% drainage time was decreased over 2.0 wt.% which is knowable that the foam brokes easily. The amount of generated foam was measured to check fluidity of foam and it appeared that when $FeSO_4$ 1.2 wt.% was added, the amount of generated foam reached large and also the 25% drainage time was high. To evaluate the fire extinguishing performance for oil fire, the small scale oil fire test was executed. When $FeSO_4$ 1.2 wt.% was added, fire extinguishing time was in its shortest which informs fluidity of foam and stability are important factors on fire extinguishing efficiency.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2014

A wide scope of numerical simulations was performed to predict model-ship resistances by using STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM. The numerical results were compared with experimental measurements in towing tank to analyze statistical reliability of the present simulations. Based on the normal distribution of resistance errors in 113 cases of container carriers, tankers and very large crude-oil carriers, the confidence intervals of numerical error were estimated as [-2.64%,+2.32%] and [-1.82%, +1.87%] with 95% confidence in STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM, respectively. The resistance errors of liquefied natural gas carriers with single- and twin-skeg were confident in the ranges of [-2.51%,+2.64%] and [-2.29%, +1.46%], respectively. The grid uncertainty of resistance coefficients for KCS was also quantitatively analyzed by using a grid verification procedure. The grid uncertainty of OpenFOAM (5.1%) was larger than 4.4% uncertainty of STAR-CCM+ although OpenFOAM provided statistically more confident results than those of STAR-CCM+. It means that a grid system verified under a specific condition does not automatically lead to statistical reliability in general cases.