• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2010

This work proposes a 10b 100MS/s DAC based on a segmented local matching technique primarily for small chip area. The proposed DAC employing a segmented current-steering structure shows the required high linearity even with the small number of devices and demonstrates a fast settling behavior at resistive loads. The proposed segmented local matching technique reduces the number of current cells to be matched and the size of MOS transistors while a double-cascode topology of current cells achieves a high output impedance even with minimum sized devices. The prototype DAC implemented in a 0.13um CMOS technology occupies a die area of $0.13mm^2$ and drives a $50{\Omega}$ load resistor with a full-scale single output voltage of $1.0V_{p-p}$ at a 3.3V power supply. The measured DNL and INL are within 0.73LSB and 0.76LSB, respectively. The maximum measured SFDR is 58.6dB at a 100MS/s conversion rate.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.116-121
• /
• 2018

Background: Black ginseng (BG) has greatly enhanced pharmacological activities relative to white or red ginseng. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of BG on muscle growth has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated whether BG could regulate myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy. Methods: BG-treated C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic regulators, immunostaining for a muscle marker, myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for myogenic transcription factors. Results: BG treatment of C2C12 cells resulted in the activation of Akt, thereby enhancing hetero-dimerization of MyoD and E proteins, which in turn promoted muscle-specific gene expression and myoblast differentiation. BG-treated myoblasts formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness, accompanied by enhanced Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activation. Furthermore, the BG treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells restored myogenic differentiation. Conclusion: BG enhances myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy by activating Akt/mTOR/p70S6k axis. Thus, our study demonstrates that BG has promising potential to treat or prevent muscle loss related to aging or other pathological conditions, such as diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.183-188
• /
• 2004

In order to develop polymer electrolyte for lithium/sulfur batteries, highly microporous P(VdF-HFP) membranes were prepared by phase inversion method. Porous structure was controlled by extracting NMP with mixture of deionized water and methanol. Porous structure of the membranes was observed with SEM. Polymer electrolytes were prepared by soaking the porous membranes in 1M $LiCF_3SO_3-TEGDME/EC$. The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte was found to be at high as $2\times10^{-3}S/cm$ when the polymer membrane extracted by $80\%$ methanol was used. The microporous polymer electrolyte optimized in this work displayed high ionic conductivity, uniform pore size, low interfacial resistance and stable ionic conductivity with storage time. The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes was measured with various lithium salts, and the conductivity showed $3.3\times10^{-3}S/cm$ at room temperature when $LiPF_6$ was used as a lithium salt.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.102 no.2
• /
• pp.189-197
• /
• 2013

The Cancun Agreements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change require developing countries aiming to undertake REDD+ activities to develop a national strategy or action plan, addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, a measurement, reporting and verifying (MRV) system including forest monitoring system, and safeguards to ensure equity and co-benefits for local communities and indigenous peoples, and biodiversity. The Government of Indonesia and the Government of Norway established REDD+ cooperation through signing a 'Letter of Intent' in May, 2010. Indonesia agreed on 'a two year suspension on all new concessions for conversion of peat and natural forest'. In turn, Norway agreed to support Indonesia's REDD+ implementation efforts up to one billion United States dollars. Indonesia's REDD+ national strategy (June, 2012) accepted most of the requests included in the 'Letter of Intent'. The REDD+ national strategy, however, does not reflect requests of the Cancun Agreements which noted identification of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and guarantee of real greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Indonesia lays emphasis on Norwegian requests which includes expected financial support rather than the Cancun Agreements which have a weak legally-binding requirements.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.63 no.4
• /
• pp.934-953
• /
• 2021

Ciglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinedione family, and specifically binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), thereby promoting adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesized that ciglitazone as a PPARγ ligand in the absence of an adipocyte differentiation cocktail would increase adiponectin and adipogenic gene expression in bovine satellite cells (BSC). Muscle-derived BSCs were isolated from six, 18-month-old Yanbian Yellow Cattle. The BSC were cultured for 96 h in differentiation medium containing 5 µM ciglitazone (CL), 10 µM ciglitazone (CM), or 20 µM ciglitazone (CH). Control (CON) BSC were cultured only in a differentiation medium (containing 2% horse serum). The presence of myogenin, desmin, and paired box 7 (Pax7) proteins was confirmed in the BSC by immunofluorescence staining. The CL, CM, and CH treatments produced higher concentrations of triacylglycerol and lipid droplet accumulation in myotubes than those of the CON treatment. Ciglitazone treatments significantly increased the relative expression of PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and perilipin 2. Ciglitazone treatments increased gene expression of Pax3 and Pax7 and decreased expression of myogenic differentiation-1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor-5, and myogenin-4 (p < 0.01). Adiponectin concentration caused by ciglitazone treatments was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.01). RNA sequencing showed that 281 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the treatments of ciglitazone. DEGs gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the top 10 GO enrichment significantly changed the biological processes such as protein trimerization, negative regulation of cell proliferation, adipocytes differentiation, and cellular response to external stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the p53 signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, biosynthesis of amino acids, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway. These results indicate that ciglitazone acts as PPARγ agonist, effectively increases the adiponectin concentration and adipogenic gene expression, and stimulates the conversion of BSC to adipocyte-like cells in the absence of adipocyte differentiation cocktail.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2024

The cutaneous lymphatic system in humans plays a crucial role in draining interstitial fluid and activating the immune system. Environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and natural aging, often affect structural changes of such lymphatic vessels, causing skin dysfunction. However, some limitations still exist because of no alternatives to animal testing. To better understand the skin lymphatic system, a biomimetic microfluidic platform, skin-lymph-on-a-chip, was fabricated to develop a novel in vitro skin lymphatic model of humans and to investigate the molecular and physiological changes involved in lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels. Briefly, the platform involved co-culturing differentiated primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) in vitro. Based on our system, Lymphanax^TM, which is a condensed Panax ginseng root extract obtained through thermal conversion for 21 days, was applied to evaluate the lymphangiogenic effect, and the changes in molecular factors were analyzed using a deep-learning-based algorithm. Lymphanax^TM promoted healthy lymphangiogenesis in skin-lymphon-a-chip and indirectly affected HDELCs as its components rarely penetrated differentiated NHEKs in the chip. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on Lymphanax^TM and its effects using an innovative in vitro system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.807-818
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to prove the optimum feeding method of Lactobacillus in broiler chickens by investigating the intestinal viability of ingested Lactobacillus and the effect of feeding levels and frequency of Lactobacillus on growth performance in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, A total of one hundred, 5 weeks old male broiler chickens(Abor Acre) were fed Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 expressed green fluorescent protein(GFP) at 104cfu/g diet to investigate the retention time of ingested Lactobacillus in the intestine for 1 day. The percentage of Lactobacillus expressed GFP in intestinal contents was 26% at 1 day after fed Lactobacillus expressed GFP. The percentage of Lactobacillus expressed GFP in intestinal contents was decreased in length of time. In experiment 2, A total of four hundred eighty, 1-d-old male broiler chicks(Abor Acre) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each to prove the optimum feeding level of Lactobacillus. The treatments were control(free antibiotics), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 5.0×10cfu/mL, 5.0×103cfu/mL, and 5.0×105cfu/mL. The final body weight and body wight gain of Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 5.0×103cfu/mL were the highest in all groups(P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was not significantly difference among the groups. The number of intestinal lactic acid bacteria in Lactobacillus treated groups tended to be improved or significantly increased as compared to that of control(P<0.05). Protein and fat digestibility in Lactobacillus 5.0×103cfu/mL and 5.0×105cfu/mL treated groups were significantly improved(P<0.05). No significant differences were observed on the availability of dry matter and crude ash in Lactobacillus treatments compared to those of control. In experiment 3, A total of six hundred 1-d-old male broiler chicks(Abor Acre) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each and were fed Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 5 day for five weeks. Feeding level of Lactobacillus was 5.0×103cfu/mL The final body weight and body wight gain of Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2 5.0×103cfu/mL were the highest in all groups(P<0.05). The final body weight and body weight gain were significantly increased, when Lactobacillus was fed at intervals of 1 days, or 2 days. There were no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the all groups. The number of intestinal lactic acid bacteria in Lactobacillus treated groups tended to be improved or significantly increased as compared to that of control(P<0.05). No significant differences were observed on the number of coliform bacteria and Salmonella of ileum and cecum. Consequently, supplemental Lactobacillus influenced positive effects on the growth performance, nutrient availability and intestinal microflora. The optimum feeding level of Lactobacillus was 5.0×103cfu/mL, and the constant feeding of Lactobacillus was effective.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.508-512
• /
• 1998

The NTC thermistors were sintered by using microwave hybrid heating method at $1100^{\circ}C$~$1300^{\circ}C$ and those electrical properties were investigated. The obtained $B_{25^{\circ}C/85^{\circ}C}$ values from temperature dependence of electrical resisitivity were around 3100~3200 K which were almost the same values as conventionally sintered ones. Compared with conventional sintering process, this process could complete whole sintering process within 20 minutes. This the processing time and energy consumption could be reduced through this rapid heating by using microwave hybrid heating.t there were showed only two peaks, glycolide melting peak and lower molecular weight melting peak without lauryl alcohol. Conversion increased slowly with the reaction time up to 50 minutes, and then gave a sudden increase above that. The reaction time to disappear in glycolide melting peak during polymerization was shortened with the increase of lauryl alcohol content. Zero-shear viscosity of polyglycolic acid decreased with the increase of free acid content in glycolide.ssional energy and bending hysteresis increased. \circled3 Surface characteristics such as friction coefficient and thickness variation of highly shrinkage fabrics became relatively roughened state. \circled4 Since stiffened and roughened characteristics of highly shrinkage fabrics, drapabilities of them were significantly lowered. Additionally thermal insulation property of high shrinkage fabric was higher than that of low shrinkage fabric due to bulky and thickened feature. From the results, it is considered that the silk fabrics with high filling shrinkage have the good bulkiness and heat keeping properties and thus they have the suitable characteristics for high quality men's and women's formal garments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.1343-1347
• /
• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations of commercial yoghurts and the ability of dairy starter cultures to produce CLA were investigated. The CLA contents of yoghurts were in the range of 4.1~14.8 mg/l00 g. CLA contents in yoghurts depended on the amount of milk used for raw material. Regression test showed positive correlations between CLA concentrations and selected fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of lipids in yoghurts. Among the 67 commercial dairy starter cultures tested, one of Lactobacillus acidophilus, one of Lactobacillus casei and three of Streptococcus thermophilus were found to be capable of converting free linloeic acid to CLA and cis-9, trans-11 octadecadienoic acid presented more than 70% of the total CLA formed. The CLA conversion rate of the screened strains ranged from 6.1% to 8.6% in whole milk for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.349-366
• /
• 2007

We designed and developed a multi-purpose CCD camera system for three kinds of CCDs; KAF-0401E($768{\times}512$), KAF-1602E($1536{\times}1024$), KAF-3200E($2184{\times}1472$) made by KODAK Co.. The system supports fast USB port as well as parallel port for data I/O and control signal. The packing is based on two stage circuit boards for size reduction and contains built-in filter wheel. Basic hardware components include clock pattern circuit, A/D conversion circuit, CCD data flow control circuit, and CCD temperature control unit. The CCD temperature can be controlled with accuracy of approximately $0.4^{\circ}C$ in the max. range of temperature, ${\Delta}33^{\circ}C$. This CCD camera system has with readout noise $6\;e^-$, and system gain $5\;e^-/ADU$. A total of 10 CCD camera systems were produced and our tests show that all of them show passable performance.