• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2004

Corporate design activities have expanded from being exclusive and passive responsibilities to active participation in planning, marketing, technology and corporate brand image differentiation for successful business. Thus the communications between designers and other functions come to include critical decision making, information sharing, and objective reasoning. Given that design activities now have to involve various functions in product development, the styling-related design process, which is still developed by designer's intuition and experience, poses as an obstacle not just between various functions involved, but even within the design function. To overcome this obstacle and to lead more effective design decision process, a means for product form development assessment and management is necessary. This research proposes a foundation for managing and assessing product form based on the hypothesis and demonstration of discovering a system of formative factor and order a product form expresses that can be shared as an objective and logical system. As a result of this demonstration, the form as a unique visual expression and the factors related to the form and its co-relationship are examined. The factors are called formative parameters and the system is named as the product form alignment method. Based on the logic derived from the system, the process for developing an image that aligns with the predefined goal is explained. The method defines a balance between a designer's intuitive creativity and the extracted logic, which can act as a basis for designers to share design language among themselves and for communication between design and other functions. Based on this system, designers are able to align design work with the set goal, and focus and limit the range of form development, which is anticipated to result in lead-time reduction and minimizing unnecessary obstacles and mistakes.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.735-746
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 1992

In oriental medicine, Artemisia Iwayomogi(Compositae) has been used clinically for jaundice, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis etc. The purposes of present study were to examine pharmacological effects of Artemisia lwayomogi water extract(AIWE) on weights of body, liver, kidney, spleen and adrenal, and on biochemical parameters (activities of AST, ALT and LDH, contents of cholesterol and triacylglycerol, and levels of hepatic lipid peroxide) against hepatic injury by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) in rats. The results were as follow; 1. Body weights were reduced by $CCl_4$. In AIWE pretreatment groups, reduction of body weights was inhibited at 48 hours. Increased liver weights by $CCl_4$ were reduced in proportion to numbers of treatment of AIWE in AIWE pre- and posttreatment groups. Increased kidney weights by $CCl_4$ were reduced in AIWE pretreatment groups at 72 hours. Increased weights of spleen and adrenal by $CCl_4$ were not affected by AIWE treament. 2. Increased AST activities by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours. Increased ALT activities by $CCl_4$ were significantly(p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 hours. Increased LDH activities by $CCl_4$ were very significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. 3. Increased cholesterol contents by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 24 and 48 hours. Decreased triacylglycerol contents by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05) increased in AIWE posttreatment at 48 and 72 hours. 4. Increased hepatic lipid peroxide levels by $CCl_4$ were significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01) decreased in AIWE posttreatment groups at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. In conclusion, AIWE did not affect normal liver function and had property of antioxidant, due to reduced lipid peroxidation by $CCl_4$. AIWE seems to have hepatoprotective effects rather than direct preventive effects to $CCl_4$-induced necrotic degeneration of liver cell, cholestasis and damages in metabolism of lipid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.734-738
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• 2011

Aging in humans is inexorable and inescapable. The progressive decrease of physiological capacity and the reduction of the ability to cope with environmental stresses lead to increased susceptibility and vulnerability to human disease. Recently, in the cosmetic industry, many researchers have paid considerable attention to delaying or improving the symptoms of skin aging. Since the early 1990`s, there have been various challenges in developing cosmeceutical products which have strong anti-aging effects, and this has been an important issue in the cosmetic industry. Meanwhile, development of anti-aging cosmetics supported by biochemical activities in the skin has been researched. Castanea crenata inner Shell solvent extracts were investigated for anti-wrinkle and whitening effects, in order to apply it as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. For anti-wrinkle effect, elastase inhibition activity of Castanea crenata inner shell acetone extract (CA) was 51.0% at a concentration of 100 ug/ml. The collagenase inhibition activity of CA and Castanea crenata inner shell ethanol extract (CE) was 96.4%, 94.3% at a concentration of 50 ug/ml. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to skin-whitening, was 47.2% and 45.8% in CA and CE at a concentration of 500 ug/ml. All these results suggest that Castanea crenata inner shell can be effectively used as a cosmeceutical ingredient for the prevention of wrinkles.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-366
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• 2007

We designed and developed a multi-purpose CCD camera system for three kinds of CCDs; KAF-0401E($768{\times}512$), KAF-1602E($1536{\times}1024$), KAF-3200E($2184{\times}1472$) made by KODAK Co.. The system supports fast USB port as well as parallel port for data I/O and control signal. The packing is based on two stage circuit boards for size reduction and contains built-in filter wheel. Basic hardware components include clock pattern circuit, A/D conversion circuit, CCD data flow control circuit, and CCD temperature control unit. The CCD temperature can be controlled with accuracy of approximately $0.4^{\circ}C$ in the max. range of temperature, ${\Delta}33^{\circ}C$. This CCD camera system has with readout noise $6\;e^-$, and system gain $5\;e^-/ADU$. A total of 10 CCD camera systems were produced and our tests show that all of them show passable performance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

This study investigated the quality changes of Samgyetang during storage, resulting from various degassing methods used at the packaging stage. Three different samples were prepared, one without any treatment (CON), a second with reduced head space volume by squeezing the pouch (RHS), and a third by flushing with nitrogen gas (NGF). These were retorted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 65 min under the F-value of approx. 8.0, and stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 9 months. The oxygen ratio in the head space and the dissolved oxygen content of NGF samples tended to be lower than those of other samples over the storage period. Compared to the CON, the acid values of NGF and RHS samples were lower than the CON from month 3 and 6 (p<0.05). During storage, volatile basic nitrogen values of NGF and RHS samples increased slowly compared to the CON. To delay quality deterioration and extend the shelf-life of Samgyetang products, the reduction of oxygen content in the head space of the retort pouch (preferably by flushing with nitrogen gas) is recommended, even though no significant differences in sensory evaluation were observed among the samples during 9 months of storage (p>0.05).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2011

In the face of growing concern about global warming, increasing attention has been focused on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. One method to mitigating the release of carbon dioxide is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). CCS includes separation of carbon dioxide from industrial emission in plants, transport to a storage site, and long-term isolation in underground. It is necessary to conduct analyses on optimal site selection, surface monitoring, and additional effects by the construction of CCS facility in Gyeongsang basin, Korea. For the optimal site selection, necessary data; geological map, landcover map, digital elevation model, and slope map, were prepared, and a weighted overlay analysis was performed. Then, surface monitoring was performed using high resolution satellite image. As a result, the candidate region was selected inside Gyeongnam for carbon storage. Finally, the related regulations about CCS facility were collected and analyzed for legal question of selected site.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 1997

To make a stable o/w emulsion, the effects of egg lecithin as an emulsifier and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an auxiliary emulsifier on the physical stability of emulsion were investigated. The oil-in-water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and evaluated the physical stability. Average particle size and size distribution of emulsion was measured by dynamic light scattering analyzer and interfacial tension was measured. From the interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.1 %w/v and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 1.0 %w/v. The mean particle size was about $0.2\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. The short-term accelerated stability studies were conducted by centrifugation, freeze-thaw method and shaking of the emulsion samples. The addition of PVP was caused the reduction in the particle size and improved the physical stability of emulsion. These results suggested that a mixed interfacial film comprising the egg lecithin and PVP was formed at the o/w interface and it was effective in preventing phase separation under thermic or mechanical stress. We used antineoplaston A10 (A10) as a model drug which is peptide and amino acid derivative having a action to the living organism against the development of neoplastic growth by a nonimmunological progress. It has a poor solubility in water and there may be a difficulty in formulation of A10. Emulsion formulation study about A10 was performed. Solubility of A10 in emulsion was about five times as high as that in water. From the results of solubility and partition coefficient, almost A10 molecules in o/w emulsion exist in the interface between oil and water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.91-115
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• 1996

In the recent years, protected horticultural facilities have been modernized and glasshouses are also propagating in Korea, even most vegetables production are conducted in the traditional plastic houses covered with, for example, PVC film for just temperature keeping. It would limit the productivity and competitivity of the vegetable production industry without automatization and high quality year round production. A plant factory, aimed to produce vegetables in the limited areas, was initiated in Christensen farm, Denmark in 1957, and widely propagated in some developed countries. As it has the automatized system which enables to keep optimized environment conditions, it will be the best facility for high quality products as well as year round planned production. However, we have not even started the plant factory production. Since the plant factory is requiring lots of resources, besides plant cultivation technologies, such as environment control, automatic engineering and robotics, our approach to the development of plant factories should be minded on Practical Plant Factories considering our current farming practices and least capital needs rather than blindly employing the advanced technologies from developed countries. Thus, Korean plant factory development can be initiated with year round leaf vegetables production in NFT or DFT cultivation system instead of the moval bed system, in which aerial environment factors such as light, temperature, humidity and CO$_2$ concentration and root environment ones such as solution concentration, temperature, pH and water soluble oxygen shall be automatically controlled. And the seeding, seedling and transplanting operations shall be accomplished in the house entrance, and the harvesting and grading opreations shall be conducted in the house exit. For practical plant factories, environment control technologies including artificial light source, illumination and air conditioning, automatic management for nutrient solution and automatic production line of moval bed system, transplanting and harvest should be developed along with researches on the cost reduction of factory building construction.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

Recently usage of biomass is increased in pulverized coal power plants for reduction of $CO_2$ emission. Many problems arise when thermal share of the biomass is increased, and milling of the biomasses is one of the most important problems due to their low grindability when existing coal pulverizer is used. Grindability of coal can be measured through the HGI (Hardgrove grindability index) equipment as a standard, but method of measuring biomass grindability has not been established yet. In this study, grinding experiment of coal and biomass was performed using a lab-scale ball mill. One type of coal (Adaro coal) and six biomasses (wood pellet (WP), empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), walnut shell (WS), torrefied wood chip (TBC) and torrefied wood pellet (TWP)) were used in the experiment. Particle size distributions of the fuels were measured after being milled in various pulverization times. Pulverization characteristics were evaluated by portion of particles under the diameter of $75{\mu}m$. As a result, about 70% of the TBC and TWP were observed to be pulverized to sizes of under $75{\mu}m$, which implies that they can be used as alternative biomass fuels without modification of the existing mill. Other biomass was observed to have low grindability compared with torrefied biomass. Power consumption of the mill for various fuels was measured as well, and the results show that lower power was consumed for torrefied biomasses. This result can be used for characterization of biomass as an alternative fuel for pulverized coal power plants.