• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal supplementation on the quality of Korean herbal medicine silage. Herbal medicine meal silages were produced by the addition of 0, 15, and 30% of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and 0, 1, and 2% of molasses ($3{\times}3$ factorial design) and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Its quality such as chemical composition, pH, organic acids, the number of microorganisms and $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance were determined. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, crude protein and crude fat contents increased significantly, but the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content decreased significantly. As the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal decreased, and molasses increased, pH tended to decrease, but the lactic acid content trended to increase. The acetic acid content was lower in a higher level (30%) of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal, and higher in a higher level (2%) of molasses. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, the butyric acid content decreased, and butyric acid of molasses treatment was higher than that of non-supplemented control. Molasses increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi in silage. A lower level of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi. $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance tended to increase by the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and molasses. It is concluded that the addition of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ to herbal medicine meal silage could enhance its nutritional quality. It is considered that proper levels of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal in herbal medicine meal silage were 2 % and 15% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum sterilization conditions for the production of retorted steamed egg using response surface methodology. Sterilization processes for eighteen conditions using varying sterilization temperature ($X_1$), time ($X_2$), and method ($X_3$) as the independent variables were carried out through a $3^2{\times}2$ experimental factorial design. Quality evaluations after sterilization included measurements of $F_0$ value ($Y_1$), peak stress ($Y_2$), pH ($Y_3$), color value ($Y_{4-6}$), and organoleptic test [preference for appearance ($Y_7$), overall acceptability ($Y_8$), and preference for texture ($Y_9$) and egg taste ($Y_{10}$)]. Dependent variables ($Y_{1-10}$) of eighteen conditions were more affected by temperature and time than by the sterilization method. Eight factors were selected among the dependent variables as significant factors related to the quality of the steamed egg. Finally, by establishing an optimum range of each dependent variable and contour analysis, the optimum sterilization conditions for the production of steamed egg were determined to be $120^{\circ}C$ for 25 min using a 2-step sterilization process.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on productivity and feed cost in crossbred chicks. Experiment was divided into starting (0~5 weeks), growing (6~10 weeks), and finishing (11~14 weeks) periods. Design of feeding trials was 3 ${\times}$ 3 factorial to feed different energy and protein levels for starting (ME 2,950, 3,000, and 3,050 kcal/kg CP 18, 19, and 20%), growing (ME 3,000, 3,050, and 3,100 kcal/kg CP 17, 18, and 19%) and finishing (ME 3,050, 3,100, and 3,150 kcal/kg CP 16, 17, and 18%) periods, respectively. In the starting period, weight gain and FCR was improved by dietary protein level (P<0.05). Interaction effect existed in feed intake and FCR (P<0.05). Weight gain was higher in 3,000 kcal/kg ME treatment than 3,100 kcal/kg ME treatment for growing period (P<0.05). In finishing period, feed intake was significantly decreased in ME 3,150 kcal/kg treatment than the other ME treatments (P<0.05). Feed cost/weight gain (FC/WG) was significantly decreased in chicks fed with 2,950 kcal/kg ME and 19% CP in starting period (P<0.05). For the growing period, FC/WG was notably increased in ME 3,000, 3,050 kcal/kg treatment than ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment, and the FC/WG of CP 17, 18% treatment was significantly higher than CP 16% treatment (P<0.05). Thus, the optimum levels of ME and CP to improve the productivity and feed cost for starting, growing and finishing periods were 2,950 kcal/kg ME, 19% CP 3,000 kcal/kg ME, 18% CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME, 17 or 16% CP, respectively.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-198
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• 2010

This study attempts to examine the influence that negative WOM (NWOM) has in an online context. It specifically focuses on the impact of the service failure description and the perceived intention of the communication provider on consumer evaluations of firm competence, attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions. Studies of communication persuasiveness focus on "who says what; to whom; in which channel; with what effect (Chiu 2007)." In this research study, we examine electronic web posting, particularly focusing on two aspects of "what": the level of service failure communicated and perceived intention of the individual posting. It stands to reason electronic NWOM that appears to be trying to damage a product’s or firm's reputation will be viewed as more biased and will thus be considered as less credible. According to attribution theory, people search for the causes of events especially those that are negative and unexpected (Weiner 2006). Hennig-Thurau and Walsh (2003) state "since the reader has only limited knowledge and trust of the author of an online articulation the quality of the contribution could be expected to serve as a potent moderator of the articulation-behavior relationship. We therefore posit the following hypotheses: H1. Subjects exposed to electronic NWOM describing a high level of service failure will provide lower scores on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention than will subjects exposed to electronic NWOM describing a low level of service failure. H2. Subjects exposed to electronic NWOM with a warning intent will provide lower scores on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention than will subjects exposed to electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. H3. Level of service failure in electronic NWOM will interact with the perceived intention of the electronic NWOM, such that there will be a decrease in mean response on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention from electronic NWOM with a warning intent to a vengeful intent. The main study involved a2 (service failure severity) x2 (NWOM with warning versus vengeful intent) factorial experiment. Stimuli were presented to subjects online using a mock online web posting. The scenario described a service failure associated with non-acceptance of a gift card in a brick-and-mortar retail establishment. A national sample was recruited through an online research firm. A total of 113 subjects participated in the study. A total of 104 surveys were analyzed. The scenario was perceived to be realistic with 92.3% giving the scenario a greater than average response. Manipulations were satisfactory. Measures were pre-tested and validated. Items were analyzed and found reliable and valid. MANOVA results found the multivariate interaction was not significant, allowing our interpretation to proceed to the main effects. Significant main effects were found for post intent and service failure severity. The post intent main effect was attributable to attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intention. The service failure severity main effect was attributable to all four dependent variables: firm competence, attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intention. Specifically, firm competence for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Attitude toward the firm for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Positive word of mouth for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Behavioral intention for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower for electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Therefore, H1a, H1b, H1c and H1d were all supported. In addition, attitude toward the firm for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Positive word of mouth for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Behavioral intention for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Thus, H2b, H2c and H2d were supported. However, H2a was not supported though results were in the hypothesized direction. Otherwise, there was no significant multivariate service failure severity by post intent interaction, nor was there a significant univariate service failure severity by post intent interaction for any of the three hypothesized variables. Thus, H3 was not supported for any of the four hypothesized variables. This study has research and managerial implications. The findings of this study support prior research that service failure severity impacts consumer perceptions, attitude, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions (Weun et al. 2004). Of further relevance, this response is evidenced in the online context, suggesting the need for firms to engage in serious focused service recovery efforts. With respect to perceived intention of electronic NWOM, the findings support prior research suggesting reader's attributions of the intentions of a source influence the strength of its impact on perceptions, attitude, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions. The implication for managers suggests while consumers do find online communications to be credible and influential, not all communications are weighted the same. A benefit of electronic WOM, even when it may be potentially damaging, is it can be monitored for potential problems and additionally offers the possibility of redress.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.308-315
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of the forest topsoil as a source of the "Native-soil(seed-fertilizer-soil materials)" for the hydroseeding measures which are environmentally and ecologically stable revegetation measures on rock cut-slopes. Soil sampling and factorial experiments were used with a split plot design(main plot : forest soil type and soil spraying thickness, subplot : seeding rate) in 1996. Results obtained in this study were summarized as follows : Because of the competition between the seeded(introduced) species and the native species, the number of naturally emerged species in the non-seeded plot and that of in the seeded plot were $5{\sim}9species/0.07m^2$ and $2{\sim}6species/0.07m^2$, respectively. As increasing the seeding rate(introduced species), the appearance ratio of naturally emerged species was decreased. The total number of individuals was high in the plot which used coniferous forest soil as a seed source, however the ratio of the individuals of naturally emerged species was high(30%) in the plot which used deciduous forest soil. The usage of the forest topsoil as seed bank source onto the "Native-soil" materials for hydroseeding could be reduce the seeding rate to $1,000seedlings/m^2$. According to the several factors which are competition between seeded species and naturally emerged species, dryness of soil materials, and seed burial, spraying thickness with more than 5cm was suitable for the growth of plants in variety.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of practical variations in feed restriction, pre-slaughter handing and chilling regime on pork quality during ageing. A total of twenty male landraces were allocated into three treatments(i.e., pre-slaughter feeding, stress and chilling regime) in a factorial arrangement. pH, temperature, free calcium ions, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, cooking loss, drip loss and objective color were determined during rigor development and/or 1, 3, 7 d postmortem. Pre-slaughter chasing stress for approximately 15 min had no effects on pH/temperature profile and objective meat quality. There was an interaction(P < 0.05) between the fasting treatment and chi1ling regime for muscle temperature at pH 6.2. Sarcomere length indicated that the current experiment conditions did not induce muscle shortening, with 1.7 to 1.8 ${\mu}m$, in spite of a significant effect of the fasting treatment (P<0.01). Pigs fed until the morning of slaughter showed a low WB-shear force(P < 0.05) until 3 d at I "C. The treatment also resulted in a higher Hunter L* and a*(P < 0.05) at 24 h and 7 d. Fasted pigs showed a significantly(P < 0.05) reduced cooking loss. The current results indicated that feeding upon the morning of slaughter became detrimental on meat color and the negative effect on cooking loss were linearly elevated with increased ageing time. On the other hand, WB-shear force did not distinguishable after 3 d. Collectively, it appeared that feed restriction from a day before slaughter could produce more a desirable meat quality at the time of consuming. However, the limited effect of animal handling and chilling rate on meat quality is not necessarily to extend to that these do not affect pork quality, as that largely depends on experimental design.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.348-355
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• 1998

The developments of various processed foods and the high quality dried fruits, in particular, are urgently needed for the enhancement of fruit consumption and their competitive values. Therefore, in this study, three variables by three level factorial design and response surface methodology were used to determine optimum conditions for osmotic dehydration of kiwifruit. The relationships of moisture losses, solid gains, weight reductions, sugar contents, titratable acidities and vitamin C contents depending on changes with temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time were investigated. The moisture loss, solid gain, weight reduction and reduction of moisture content after osmotic dehydration were increased as temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time increased. The effect of concentration was more significant than those of temperature and time on mass transfer. Sugar content was increased by increasing sugar concentration, temperature, immersion time during osmotic dehydration. Titratable acidity and vitamin C content were increased by decreasing temperature, immersion time and increasing concentration during osmotic dehydration. The regression models showed a significant lack of fit (P>0.05) and were highly significant with satisfying values of $R^2$. At the given conditions such as $66{\sim}69%$ moisture content, above $24^{\circ}Brix$ sugar content and more than 23 mg% vitamin C, the optimum condition for osmotic dehydration was $37^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}Brix$ and 1.5 hour.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1189-1196
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• 1998

Extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology for preparing high-quality ethanol extracts from cultivated Chrysanthemum petals. A fractional factorial design was applied to investigate effects of solvent ratio to sample $(X_1)$, ethanol concentration $(X_2)$ and extraction time $(X_3)$ at $60^{\circ}C$ on dependent variables of the extract properties, such as yellow color $(Y_1)$, carotenoids $(Y_2)$, soluble solids $(Y_3)$, phenolic compounds $(Y_4)$, electron donating ability $(Y_5)$, sensory color $(Y_6)$ and sensory aroma $(Y_7)$. Second-order models were employed to generate 3-dimensional response surfaces for dependent variables and their coefficients of determination $(R^2)$ were ranged from 0.8063 to 0.9963. Optimum extraction conditions for each variable were 115 mL/g, 97%, 18 hr in yellow color, 145 mL/g, 50%, 12 hr in carotenoids, 147 mL/g, 48%, 17 hr in soluble solids, 116 mL/g, 68%, 17 hr in phenolic compounds, 110 mL/g, 98%, 14 hr in electron donating ability, 101 mL/g, 48%, 54 hr in organoleptic color and 109 mL/g, 54%, 4 hr in organoleptic aroma, respectively. The range of optimum conditions at 16hr extraction for maximized characteristics of ethanol extracts was $103{\sim}122\;mL/g$ and $64{\sim}78%$. Predicted values at the optimum condition agreed with experimental values.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of copper and zinc supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs (58.47 kg initial BW) were assigned to 6 treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design $(Zn\;levels{\times}Cu\;levels)$. The sources of zinc and copper were Zn-methionine chelate and Cu-methionine chelate, respectively. Zinc levels used were 80 and 120 ppm and copper levels used were 10, 30 and 60 ppm. Throughout the entire experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not significantly affected by Cu or Zn levels, or their relative levels. The G:F ratio was significantly affected by the relative levels of Cu and Zn (p<0.05), specifically at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by the levels of Cu (p<0.02), Zn (p<0.01) and the relative levels of each (p<0.04), in particular at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly affected by Zn levels (p<0.01) and the combination of 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn (p<0.03). The $L^*-value$, shear force, cooking loss and pH were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their combination. The $a^*- (p<0.04)\;and\;b^*- values (p<0.01)$ were significantly affected by Zn levels at 80 ppm. The Water hoding capacity was significantly affected by Cu and Zn in combination (p<0.01) at 10 ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. The carcass weight, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their relative levels. The carcass percentage was significantly affected by the combination (p<0.04) of 30ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu and Zn at 30 and 120 ppm, respectively, is effective for feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility and carcass percentage, while at the levels of Cu at 10 ppm and Zn at 120 ppm have effects on WHC.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2008

This study was conducted to identify the correlation of bacterial phytase ($Transphos^{(R)}$) to the calcium level in feed. Of all 21-week-old 720 HyLine brown laying hens, 2 birds of similar weight were placed on each individual cage. The experiment was conducted by $3{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design with including 3 different levels of phytase (0, 300, and 1,000 DPU/kg), 2 different levels of calcium (3.5% and 4.0%), and 3 different levels of no NPP addition 0% (0.095 NPP), 0.5% (0.185% NPP), and 1.0% (0.275% NPP). The feeding trial maintained the ME level of 2,800 kcal/kg and 16% for crude protein. The diet was fed ad libitum and 17 hours of lighting was provided throughout the experimental period. Egg production seemed to increase, in the 300 DPU of bacterial phytase added group and the cracked egg tended to reduce in Transphos added group. The egg productivity between treatment groups did not show significant difference by dietary calcium level, whereas non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) was found to be low compared to NPP added groups (P<0.05). The highest mean egg weight and the highest daily egg mass were detected in 300 DPU phytase added group. Although the mean egg weight was significantly higher in treatment groups fed with 3.5% calcium containing feeds (P<0.05), daily egg mass was no among treatment groups. The mean egg weight and daily egg mass were the lowest in non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). The feed intake showed similar pattern regardless of the bacterial phytase and calcium levels in the diet. However, the treatment groups fed diets containing NPP level of 0.275% and 0.165% showed significantly higher feed intake than the group fed with 0.095% NPP (P<0.05). Although the feed conversion was not affected by calcium and NPP levels in the diet, the most improved result was obtained from 300 DPU phytase added group (P<0.05). The eggshell breaking strength and thickness increased as dietary calcium level increase the level of calcium increases in diet. The treatment groups fed diet containing 0.275% and 0.165% NPP revealed to show improvement in eggshell breaking strength and yolk color index compared to the NPP non added (0.095% NPP) treatment group. The result of the present study suggests that the appropriate level of microbial phytase is 300 DPU and at this level, tricalciumphosphate supplementation in feed can be reduced to 40% of NRC recommendation. Higher calcium level in feed fail to show synergistic effect by adding microbial phytase.