• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2022

Six Sigma is a philosophy and systematic methodology for quality improvement. It encourages continuous quality improvement efforts to achieve the ideal goal of 6σ. Sigma(σ) is a statistic representing the standard deviation of the normal distribution, and 6σ level means a level where the tolerance of the specification is six times the standard deviation of the process distribution. In terms of the defective rate, the 6σ level achieves the 0.002 defectives per one million units. However, in the field, the 6σ level is used in the sense of achieving 3.4 defects per one million opportunities, which shows a large gap from the 6σ level in the statistical viewpoint. This is because field practitioners accept a 1.5σ shift of the mean of process when calculating the defective rate under sigma level. It said that the acceptance of 1.5σ shift of the mean is from experience, but there is no research or theoretical explanation to support it logically. Although it is a non-scientific explanation based on experience, considering that there has been no objection to the 1.5σ shift for a long time and it is rather accepted, it is judged that there is a reasonable basis for the 1.5σ shift. Therefore, this study tries to find a reasonable explanation through detective power of control chart via the run-rules to the 1.5σ shift empirically recognized by practitioners.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.369-379
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• 2016

시그마 수준(sigma level)이란 미국 모토롤라사에 의해 소개된 프로세스 능력 지수로서 1970년대 이후 널리 활용되고 있는 다양한 지수들 중의 하나이다. 이는 다른 지수들과 비교할 때 모 프로세스의 확률 분포에 기초한다는 장점을 갖지만 양산 단계를 가정한 것으로 R&D 분야의 시제품 그리고/또는 초도 양산품 단계에 직접 적용하는 것은 적절하지 못할 수 있다. 이에 본 논문은 시그마 수준을 계산할 때 가정하는 치우침에 대한 통계적 고찰을 통하여 양산단계에서 6 시그마 품질 수준을 달성하기 위한 개발 단계의 시제품 그리고/또는 초도 양산품의 목표 시그마 수준 설정 방법을 소개한다. 그리고 이를 기초로 개발과 양산 단계에서 경제성을 달성할 수 있는 설계 공차의 강건 한계 도출 방법을 제시해 보고자 한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2006

Microstructural features and their related mechanical property changes in the 309L cladding and the heat affected zone (HAZ) of SA508 cl.3 steel were investigated through the use of TEM, tensile and small punch (SP) tests. The specimens were irradiated at 563 K up to the neutron fluences of $5.79{\times}10^{19}n/cm^2$ (>1MeV). The microstructure of the clad was mainly composed of a fcc ${\gamma}-phase$, a low percentage of bcc ${\delta}-ferrite$, and a brittle ${\sigma}-phase$. Along the weld fusion line there formed a heavy carbide precipitation with a width of $20{\sim}40{\mu}m$, showing preferential cracking during plastic deformation. The yield stress and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the irradiated clads increased. The origin of the hardening and the shift of the DBTT are discussed in terms of the irradiation-produced defect clusters of a fine size and brittle ${\sigma}-phase$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1991

In this study, thickness 40mm glulams were composed of thickness 5mm, 10mm Quercus laminas and Pinus koraiensis laminas to study on the effect of load variation on transition of neutral axis of laminated veneer lumber(LVL). The transition of neutral axis was examined by strain variation, which was checked by strain gauge. amplifier, recorder, and strain meter. The elasticity of glulam was estimated by E = $\Sigma(E_i\;I_ i)$/I and this estimated elasticity values were compared with the elasticity values of glulam in bending. The result obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The location of neutral axis of glulam was effected by glulam composition methods 2. The neutral axis did not shift by load variation within proportional limit. 3. The estimated elasticity of glulam by E = $\Sigma(E_i\;I_ i)$/I showed much lower value than the elasticity of glulam in bending.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.639-643
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• 1995

수소화된 비정질 게르마늄 (a-Ge : H)에 대해 전기전도율이 297-423K 사이에서 연구되었다. 측정된 전기전도율의 Arrhenius 구성에 의해 pre-exponential 인수 $\sigma$$_{0}$ 및 활성화에너지 $E_{c}$- $E_{F}$가 결정되었다. 튀어오름(kink) 온도의 존재로 인해 전기전도율의 arrhenius 구성이 두 exponential 함수에 의해 표현되었고, 이에 의해 결정된 페르미준위의 통계이동계수 ${\gamma}$$_{F}$는 약 8.65$\times$$10^{-3}$eV/K이었으며, $\sigma$$_{0}$는 약 2$\Omega$$^{-1}$$cm^{-1}$ /이었다. 전기전도율 데이터로부터 결함밀도가 수치해석적 방법에 의해 계산되었고, 결함밀도는 측정된 온도영역하에서 약 2배 정도 변화하였다 변화하였다화하였다

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.128-131
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• 1996

From Raman spectra, the ${\nu}g$C=O frequencies of 4-substituted benzaldehydes were found to correlate with the ${\sigma}_p$ values of the 4-x atom or group as well as the acceptor number (AN) values of solvents. In various solvents, the ${\nu}g$C=O frequency of benzaldehyde decreased upon the increase of benzaldehyde concentration. This shift was mainly due to the hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and/or aldehydic proton of benzaldehyde and the solvent molecules. Over the 1-80 volume % change, the ${\nu}g$C=O frequency of benzaldehyde down shifted from 1709.4 $cm^{-1}$ to 1700.2 $cm^{-1}$ in CCl4 solution and from 1703.0 $cm^{-1}$ to 1698.0 $cm^{-1}$ in $C_2H_5OH$ solution. This is due to the fact that hydrogen bonding between the benzaldehyde and C2H5OH was much stronger than that between the benzaldehyde and the other solvents.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2002

Weakly coordinating anions show little affinity for binding to unfunctionalized iron(II) porphyrins. The electron-deficient 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) compound is utilized in this study to demonstrate solution coordination by chloride, bromide and acetate ions. The binding strength of anions to the iron(II) porphyrin is reflected by a systematic change in pyrrole proton chemical shift in $^1H$ NMR spectra; the pyrrole resonance moves downfield when the ${\sigma}$-donor ability of anions is decreased.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 1985

온도 및 연신율 변촤가 Zircaloy-4의 요드 응력부식 거동에 미치는 영향을 30$0^{\circ}C$에서 일정 하중법과 300, 350, 40$0^{\circ}C$에서 일정 연신율법으로 ($10^{-5}$sec~$10^{-6}$ sec) 3.34mg $I_2$/㎤의 요드분위기에서 연구하였다. 요드 응력부식균열에 대한 저항성은 온도가 상승하거나 변형속도가 감소하면 감소했고 파손 시간과 응력과의 관계는1/tｆ∝exp (0.3$\sigma$/$\sigma$uTs-31.5)로 표시할 수 있었다. 30$0^{\circ}C$에서 요드 응력 부식 균열에 대한 저항성을 불활성 분위기에서의 파손에너지에 대한 요드분위기에서의 파손 에너지의 비율로 표시할 때 변형속도가 7.6$\times$$10^{-6}$ sec 부근에서 저항성이 가장 낮았고 온도가 35$0^{\circ}C$, 40$0^{\circ}C$ 로 증가함에 따라 보다 높은 변형속도에서 최저 저항성을 나타내는 경향을 보였다. 요드 응력부식 균열의 파단면에서 준-벽계 파면(quasi-cleavage fracture)을 관찰했다. 전술한 결과에 의하면 Zircaloy-4의 요드 응력부식균열의 기구에 있어서 보호 피막파손단계 (film rupture step)가 중요한 과정으로 추정된다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.272-281
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• 2013

This paper presents low power frequency shift keying (FSK) transmitter using all digital PLL (ADPLL) for smart utility network (SUN). In order to operate at low-power and to integrate a small die area, the ADPLL is adopted in transmitter. The phase noise of the ADPLL is improved by using a fine resolution time to digital converter (TDC) and digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The FSK transmitter is implemented in $0.18{\mu}m$ 1-poly 6-metal CMOS technology. The die area of the transmitter including ADPLL is $3.5mm^2$. The power consumption of the ADPLL is 12.43 mW. And, the power consumptions of the transmitter are 35.36 mW and 65.57 mW when the output power levels are -1.6 dBm and +12 dBm, respectively. Both of them are supplied by 1.8 V voltage source. The frequency resolution of the TDC is 2.7 ps. The effective DCO frequency resolution with the differential MOS varactor and sigma-delta modulator is 2.5 Hz. The phase noise of the ADPLL output at 1.8 GHz is -121.17 dBc/Hz with a 1 MHz offset.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.216-227
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• 2004

A new cavitating model by using bubble size distribution based on bubbles-mass has been proposed. Both liquid and vapor phases are treated with Eulerian framework as a mixture containing minute cavitating bubbles. In addition vapor phase consists of various sizes of vapor bubbles, which are distributed to classes based on their mass. The bubble number-density for each class was solved by considering the change of the bubble-mass due to phase change as well as generation of new bubbles due to heterogeneous nucleation. In this method, the bubble-mass is treated as an independent variable, and the other dependent variables are solved in spatial coordinates and bubble-mass coordinate. Firstly, we employed this method to calculate bubble nucleation and growth in stationary super-heated liquid nitrogen, and bubble collapse in stationary sub-cooled one. In the case of bubble growth in super-heated liquid, bubble number-density of the smallest class based on its mass is increased due to the nucleation. These new bubbles grow with time, and the bubbles shift to larger class. Therefore void fraction of each class is increased due to the growth in the whole class. On the other hand, in the case of bubble collapse in sub-cooled liquid, the existing bubbles are contracted, and then they shift to smaller class. It finally becomes extinct at the smallest one. Secondly, the present method is applied to a cavitating flow around NACA00l5 foil. Liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen are employed as working fluids. Cavitation number, $\sigma$, is fixed at 0.15, inlet velocities are changed at 5, 10, 20 and 50m/s. Inlet temperatures are 90K in case of liquid nitrogen, and 90K and 1l0K in case of liquid oxygen. 110K of oxygen is corresponding to the 90K of nitrogen because of the same relative temperature to the critical one, $T_{r}$=$T/T_c^{+}$. Cavitating flow around the NACA0015 foils was properly analyzed by using bubble size distribution. Finally, the method is applied to a cavitating flow in an inducer of the LE-7A hydrogen turbo-pump. This inducer has 3 spiral foils. However, for simplicity, 2D calculation was carried out in an unrolled channel at 0.9R cross-section. The channel moves against the fluid at a peripheral velocity corresponding to the inducer revolutions. Total inlet pressure, $Pt_{in}$, is set at l00KPa, because cavitation is not generated at a design point, $Pt_{in}$=260KPa. The bubbles occur upstream of the foils and collapse between them. Cavitating flow in the inducer was successfully predicted by using the bubble size distribution.