• 정신신체의학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2019

Objectives : Epidemiological studies in other countries show that a low intake of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) increases the risk of depression or suicidality. However, no studies have investigated the associations of suicidality with omega-3 FAs in Korea. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effects of omega FAs on suicidality in the general South Korean population. Methods : The data in this study were sourced from adults (n=215,860) who completed the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), and the associations between omega FAs and suicidality were analyzed using multivariate logistic regressions. Results : Our results demonstrated that high omega-3 FA intake was associated with a decreased risk of suicide (OR=0.83, 95% CI : 0.71-0.98) and the high omega-6 to omega-3 FA ratio was associated with an increased risk of suicide (OR=1.25, 95% CI : 1.02-1.54). Additionally, a high intake of omega-3 FAs was associated with a decreased risk of suicide in men, but not in women (OR=0.72, 95% CI : 0.59-0.88). Conclusions : Overall, our findings suggest that a lower intake of omega-3 FA is associated with the increased risk of suicidality in the general Korean population, especially in men.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid intakes of employees in employee feeding operations in Seoul and to provide prudent dietary guidelines with special concern on dietary fat. Four establishments were selected in large scale group and other four were selected as small scale group according to feeding numbers and food cost. Food intake was measured by substracting the leftover from the averaged portion amount. The leftover was measured by the modified aggregate selection plate waste measurement technique. The results were as follows : Employees from the large scale institution consumed more energy, protein, carbohydrate and niacin compared to those from the small scale institution(p<0.05). The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrate, protein and fat of all subjects were 66.7, 16.4 and 16.9%. The mean fat intake was 12.1g/lunch. Linoleic acid(C18:2 $\omega$6, 3.67g) was the most abundant fatty acid contained in the diet, followed by oleic acid (C18:1 $\omega$9, 3.53g) and palmitic acid(C16:0, 1.83g). The subjects consumed 5.2g polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA), 4.6g monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), 3.2g saturated fatty acid(SFA) per lunch per person. The average ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acids were 1.6/1.5/1.0 and 8.5/1/0., respectively. the dietary $\omega$3 fatty acid status can be improved, even though the ratios found belong to the desirable range, by including $\omega$3 fatty acid rich-foods such as bean products and seafoods more frequently in the diet. Caution is needed for higher unsaturated nature of $\omega$3 series fatty acids to be prevented from peroxidation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2003

혈중 지질농도는 식이단백질 종류보다는 연령의 영향을 많이 받아, young군보다 old군의 총 콜레스테롤, TG, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL + VLDL-콜레스테롤 및 AI 모두 높았다. 한편 콩 단백질군에서 HDL-콜레스테롤 수준이 증가하고, LDL+VLDL-콜레스테롤와 AI는 감소하여, 혈관질환에 대한 콩 단백질의 유익한 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 식이 단백질에 의해 유의한 영향을 받은 혈장 인지질의 지방산조성중 22:0, 18:1$\omega$9, ∑MUFA 조성은 카제인군에서 콩 단백질군보다 높았으며, 반대로 ∑SFA 조성은 카제인군에서 낮았다. 연령에 의해 혈장 인지질 지방산 조성에 있어 유의한 차이를 보인 지방산 중 22:0, 18:l$\omega$9, 22:1, 18:3$\omega$3 및 22:4$\omega$6는 young군에서 높은 반면에, 22:6$\omega$3, ∑$\omega$3, 18:2$\omega$6, 20:4$\omega$6 ∑$\omega$6 및 ∑PUFA의 조성비율은 old군에서 높게 나타났다. 이와 같이 식이 단백질의 종류보다 연령의 영향력이 더 많이 나타난 것은 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 식이 단백질보다는 연령의 영향을 더 크게 받았기 때문으로 생각된다. 혈장 인지질 지방산의 대사지표 중 $\Delta$7-desaturation index(16:0⇒16:1$\omega$7)와 $\Delta$9-desaturation index(18:0⇒18:1$\omega$9)가 식이 단백질의 영향을 받아 카제인군에 비해 콩 단백질군에서 유의하게 낮았다. $\Delta$7-및 $\Delta$9-desaturation index만이 식이 단백질의 영향을 받은 것은 식이 단백질보다 desaturase활성에 더 큰 영향력을 미치는 콜레스테롤이 식이에 첨가되었기 때문이라 생각된다. $\Delta$-4 desaturation index (22:4$\omega$6⇒22:5$\omega$6)는 young군에 비해 old군에서 높았으며, elongation index(20:4$\omega$6⇒22:4$\omega$6)는 old군에서 낮았다. 대부분의 elongation과 desaturation 단계는 연령에 따라 유의한 차이를 보이지 못하였으나, $\omega$3계 지방산의 전체적 elongation-desaturation 단계를 나타내는 products-fatty acid($\omega$3)/a-LNA($\omega$3) 비율이 old군에서 young군보다 유의하게 높아, 연령에 따른 PUFA 대사의 변화가 관찰되었다. 이 상에서와 같이, 콩 단백질의 섭취로 흰쥐 혈장 인지질의 ∑MUFA조성은 낮고 ∑SFA 조성은 높아 다른 지질 강화성 분의 섭취와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 높은 old군에서 체내 막조직의 유동성을 유지하기 위해 PUFA의 합성 특히 $\omega$3계 지방산의 elongation-desaturation이 증가하여 총 PUFA 조성이 young군보다 높았다. 연구결과로 이소플라본을 포함한 콩 단백질의 혈중 지질저하 기전에 대해 체계적인 설명은 할 수 없지만, 콩 단백질이 혈장 지방산의 조성을 변화시킴으로써 간접적으로 심혈관계 질환에 대해 유익한 효과를 미침을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 이러한 혈관의 건강과 관련된 콩의 유익한 효과는 이소플라본과 같은 콩의 특정 성분의 단독효과라기보다는 콩 단백질과의 복합효과에 의한 것이라는 주장은 매우 설득력 있다고 생각된다.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2019

We have developed a compact, wavelength-selectable, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at mid ultraviolet for chemical warfare agent detection. The fundamental wave at 1064 nm is delivered by a pulsed solid state laser incorporating with a square-type Nd:YAG rod in a resonator closed by two crossed Porro prisms for environmental reliability. The output energy at 213 nm ($5{\omega}$) and 266 nm ($4{\omega}$) by ${\chi}^{(2)}$ process in the sequentially disposed BBO crystals are measured to be 6.8 mJ and 15.1 mJ, respectively. The output wavelength is selected for $5{\omega}$ and $4{\omega}$ by a motorized wavelength switch. The energy ratio of the $5{\omega}$ to the $4{\omega}$ is varied from 0.05 to 0.85 by controlling the phase matching temperature of the nonlinear crystal for sum-frequency generation without change of the output pulse parameters.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.42-50
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• 1998

In this study, we evaluated the dietary fatty-acid pattern and serum fatty-acid composition of middle school students (total, 355 ; male, 182 ; female, 173), who are vulnerable to excessive and unbalanced food intakes such as fatty acids and energy. In serum lipid levels, total Chol (p<0.05) and HDL-Chol (p<0.001) levels of female students were significantly higher than those of mal, students. The average fat intake was 23-26 energy % which falls in with the current recommendation level (15-25%) for adults. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0 which approaches the recommended ratio, the average range of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 12.0-16.5, which is higher than the presently recommended range of 4 -10. Some of the very high values found in this study were partly explained by the fact that the range of individual variation of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios was very large. Mean daily intake of Chol was 357-361 mg. The n3 fatty acid intake of middle school students was higher in the LFHM (high fish low meat) group than in the LFHM (low fish high meat) group. EPA and DHA intakes appeared to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in the HFLM group than in the LFHM group as expected. Dietary total $\omega$3 fatty acids (p<0.05) and EPA (p<0.01) were also negatively associated with serum AA($\omega$6) levels. Interestingly, energy intakes and dietary SEAs such as 12 : 0 (p<0.05), 14 : 0 (p<0.01) and 16 : 0 (p<0.05) were negatively associated with serum AA ($\omega$6) levels. To lower the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of dietary fatty acids for children, frequent consumption of $\omega$3 series fatty-acid rich foods such as soy bean, bean products and fish is recommended. Detailed guidelines should be developed in recommending balanced food intake and qualitative fat intake for Korean adolescents taking heterogeneous groups into consideration. In accurately evaluating fatty acid intake, it is also necessary to have the fatty acid composition data of all foods consumed in each country.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total : 234 ; male : 91 ; female : 143) In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL-Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish ＆ Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish ＆ High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22-25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of $\omega6/\omega3$ fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9-20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4-10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16 : 0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the $\omega6/\omega3$ ratio was lower. Dietary C18 : 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16 : 0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18 : $2\omega6(LA)\;,\;sum\;o;\omega6$ and sum of PUFA. Serum C18 : 1, C18 : $3\omega3\; and\; C20\;:\;4\omega6$ (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, sum of MUFA and C18 : 1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.124-130
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• 1992

$\alpha$ -lino1enic acid를 약60%함유하는 들깨유와 1ino1eic acid를 약 64% 함유하는 고추종자유를 비율별로 흰쥐에게 혼합급이하였을 때 혈청 및 혈소판에 미치는 지방산 조성에 관하여 분석 검토한 바, 혈청 지질의 총 지방산 조성은 SFA가 30.6%~34.9% 범위로 각 실험군간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, MUFA는 14.4%~17.0% 범위이며, PUFA는 48.0%~53.0% 범위로 총지방산의 약50%를 차지하였다. 혈청중 인지질, 중성지질 및 콜레스테롤 에스테르의 다불포화지방산 조성중 $C_{l8 : 2}$ ($\omega$-6)는 콜레스테를 에스테르 성분에서 인지질, 중성지질성분보다 함유비율이 약간 많았고, $C_{20 : 4}$ ($\omega$-6)는 각 성분간의 함량 차이는 크지 않았고, 각 성분에 있어 $C_{l8 : 2}$ ($\omega$-6)나 $C_{20 : 4}$ ($\omega$-6) 모두 시험유지의 $\omega$-3PUFA/$\omega$-6PUFA 비율이 낮아질수록 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다. $C_{l8 : 3}$ ($\omega$-3)은 각 지질성분 모두 $C_{20 : 4}$ ($\omega$-3) 및 $C_{20 : 5}$ ($\omega$-3)보다 함유 비율이 높았다. 혈소판의 지방산 조성은 SFA는 2군(7.5% 들깨유＋12.5% 고추종자유), 3군 (5.0% 들깨유＋5.0% 고추종자유)에서 낮았고, 5군(10.0% 고추종자유)에서 가장 높았으며 MUFA는 3군이 가장 높고 5군이 가장 낮았다. 한편, PUFA는 2군에서 가장 낮았고 EPA/AA비는 2군이 가장 높았으며 5군에서 가장 낮았다.낮았다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.642-647
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• 2018

본 논문은 단일 전송선로의 전기적 길이만을 조정한 비대칭 분배기 설계를 나타내었다. 이 분배기는 3개의 단일 전송선로와 고립 저항 1개 그리고 입력과 출력의 포트 종단 임피던스가 서로 다른 형태로 구성되어 있다. 분배기의 특징은 입출력 포트 그리고 출력 포트와 고립저항 사이에 연결된 단일 전송선로의 전기적 길이를 조정하여 출력 포트의 분배비율을 조정하였다. 이러한 분배기의 설계 방법을 확인하기 위해서 1:2 분배 비율의 비대칭 분배기는 $60{\Omega}$의 단일 전송선로를 이용하여 입력 포트 임피던스는 $40{\Omega}$, 출력 포트의 임피던스는 $45{\Omega}$으로 동일하게 설정하였고, 삽입손실은1.7 dB/ 5.0 dB, 반사 손실은 -30 dB이상 그리고 고립도는 -35 dB이상 측정되었다. 또한, 1:4 분배 비율의 비대칭 분배기는 $40{\Omega}$의 단일 전송선로를 이용하여 입력 포트 임피던스는 $50{\Omega}$, 출력 포트의 임피던스는 $75{\Omega}$으로 동일하게 설정하여, 삽입손실은 1.3 dB/ 6.8 dB, 반사 손실은 -12 dB이상 그리고 고립도는 -19 dB이상 되는 전기적 특성을 확인하였다. 측정된 특성 데이터는 시뮬레이션과 잘 일치함을 확인하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid fractions in regions of the brain and on behavioral development in rats. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets 3~4 wks prior to the conception. Experimental diets consisted of 10% fat(wt/wt) which were from either safflower oil (SO, poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids), mixed oil MO, P/M/S ratio : 1:1.4:1, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio = 6.3), or mixed oil supplemented with vitamin E (+500 mg/kg diet). At 3 and 9 weeks of age, frontal cortex (FC), corpus striatum (CS), hippocampus (H), and cerebellum (CB) were dissected from the whole brain. The fatty acid content was determined in the different phospholipid fractions: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-serine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the rat brain regions. In the visual discrimination test, the order of the cumulative errors made in Y-water maze test were SO > MO > ME. This suggested that the balanced diet supplemented with vitamin I had the most beneficial effect on learning ability. The overall characteristics of correlation between fatty acids and behavior development were that the frequency of cumulative errors were negatively correlated significantly with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ie., 18:1 $\omega$9 and 22:1 $\omega$9. Docosa-hexaenoic acid (22:6 $\omega$3) of PS in frontal cortex (FC) was negatively correlated with the number of errors made in the Y-water maze test.22:5 $\omega$6 PS in hippocampus (H), PC and PE in corpus striatum (CS), PC in cerebellum (CB) were positively correlated with cumulative errors. And these errors were negatively correlated with 20:4 $\omega$ 6 of PE in corpus striatum (CS) and PC in cerebellum (CB). Especially, O1eic acid (18:1 u 9) in all phospholipid fractions (PC, PS, PE) of hippocampus was negatively correlated with the number of errors. These findings demonstrate that the MUFAs were might be essential for proper brain development, especially in hippocampus which is generally thought to be the regions of memory and learning.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.1865-1870
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• 2014

식품의 기호성과 산화안정성 및 영양학적 특징을 높이기 위해 참기름과 아마인유를 혼합하여 ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6 지방산이 균형을 이루고 안정성이 우수한 다가불포화지방산을 갖는 혼합유를 제조하여 산화 및 관능특성을 조사하였다. ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6 지방산이 균형 잡힌 안정성이 우수한 다가불포화지방산을 갖는 혼합유의 지방산 분석 결과 아마인유 20%와 참기름 80%를 혼합하여 제조한 혼합유(F20S80)의 ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6의 조성 비율은 각각 8.9%와 39.7%로 약 1:5의 비율을 나타내었으며, 아마인유 10%와 참기름 90%를 혼합하여 제조한 혼합유(F10S90)의 ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6의 조성 비율은 각각 4.4%와 42.1%로 약 1:10의 비율을 나타내었다. 이들의 비율은 ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6에 대한 영양학적 권장 비율이 1:4~10 범위에 포함되므로 건강에 유리한 혼합유임을 알 수 있었다. 혼합유의 안정성을 평가하기 위해 $20^{\circ}C$ 상온, 상대습도 70%와 $45^{\circ}C$ 가온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건에서 16주간 저장하면서 아마 인유(F100), F20S80, F10S90 및 참기름(S100)의 산가와 관능특성을 분석한 결과, F10S90 혼합유는 $20^{\circ}C$ 상온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건과 $45^{\circ}C$ 가온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건에서 16주간 저장하였을 때에 두 조건에서 모두 S100과 통계적으로 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 F10S90 혼합유는 ${\omega}$-3와 ${\omega}$-6 비율이 1:10으로 건강에 유리한 유지이며, 참기름을 선호하는 우리나라에서는 기호성 및 저장성이 우수한 기능성 혼합유로 사용하여도 좋을 것이다.