• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 1995

To produce ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) by cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, we optimized medium compositions including carbon sources, nitrogen sources and growth regulators. MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D was effective for callus induction from mesophyll tissue. Addition of sucrose at 88mM concentration induced active proliferation of suspension cells and increased GLA content. Increased supplement of potassium nitrate as nitrogen source resulted in proliferous cell growth and increased total fatty acid content Abscisic acid increased cell growth and fatty acid content in callus culture, whereas as it had an inhibitory effect in suspension cell culture.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.307-308
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• 2005

Bioconverted hydroxy fatty acid from ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19166), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and S. aureus (KCTC 1916) and one Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCTC 2004) with MIC ranging from 250 to $750\;{\mu}g/ml$ against five of eleven bacteria tested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.563-568
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• 2007

We report that the gamma linolenic acid content of pork is higher in finishing pigs fed diets containing hemp seed oil, evening primrose oil or borage oil as the sources of gamma linolenic acid. Thirty-six three crossing swines ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$), 80 kg in body weight, were randomly separated into four treatment groups with three pens per treatment and three animals per pen. The finishing swines were fed the experimental diets for 35 days until they reached the market weight of 110 kg. The animals were assigned to the four experimental diets: control diet containing 5.00% tallow, T1 containing 5.00% hemp seed oil (hemp seed oil 40:soybean oil 60), T2 containing 5.00% evening primrose oil (primrose oil 40:soybean oil 60) and T3 containing 5.00% borage oil (borage oil 40:soybean oil 60). The plasma triacylglycerol and total cholesterol content of the swine in the gamma fatty acids-fed groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the control group. No gamma linolenic acid was detected in the plasma of the control group, while tile level of gamma linolenic acid treatment groups was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control in the order of T3, T2 and T1. Moreover, the level of gamma linolenic acid increased with increasing number of feeding days. There was a significant difference between the treatment groups (p<0.05). There was a difference in the amount of saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulated in the pork according to the treatment groups or the parts of the pork meat. The level of n-3 fatty acid of pork was highest in T1, which had been fed the hemp seed oil, followed in order by T3 and T2 (p<0.05). The content of gamma linolenic acid in pork was highest in T3, which had been fed the borage oil, followed in order by T2 and T1 (p<0.05). In particular, the level of gamma linolenic acid in pork increased in the order of the back fat, pork belly, ham and loin.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.557-560
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• 2011

It has been known that Δ-desaturase (TAD5) in the biosynthetic pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of Thraustochytrium aureumis responsible for the conversion of di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (C20：4) into arachidonic acid (C20：4). The genetic sequence analysis on TAD5 of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 used in this study showed that it has two amino acid changes when compared to that of Thraustochytrium aureum TAD5 first reported in 2003. Accordingly, Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 TAD5 was named TAD5_1. TAD5_1-inserted methylotropic Pichia pastoris was prepared and then cultured with a precursor fatty acid, di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid. GC analysis confirmed that a certain amount of the precursor fatty acid was converted into arachidonic acid. In this study, not only a recombinant Pichia pastoris with the typical activity of ${\Delta}5$-desaturase which plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of LCPUFAs was successfully made but also the preparationpotential of a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain which may synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are important in maintaining and improving human's brain function was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.446-458
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet because they can not be biosynthesized by human or animals. Gamma fatty acids contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHGLA, 20:3n-6) as intermediate metabolites of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), which is an EFA found in vegetable oils. GLA is an important essential fatty acid that is required by human and animals to function normally. Recently, studies have indicated that GLA may be an essential component of the cell membrane, as well as an active component of dietary supplements and medicine. GLA must beadministered through the diet because it is converted into DHGLA in the body quickly and completely. DHGLA is a key material involved in the metabolism of LA. GLA is biosysthesized by the rate limiting step of ${\Deltac}^6$-desaturase, which is an enzyme that desaturates LA, there by allowing it to be converted into DHGLA via chain elongation. In addition, DHGLA exerts bioactive effects via action as a precursor of eicosanoid series 1. Breast milk contains an abundant amount of GLA; however, GLA is also available directly in evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil, borage oil and hemp seed oil. In addition, GLA enriched animal and plant can be produced using biotechnology, and highly pure GLA can be extracted using supercritical fluids, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which will allow economically feasible production of GLA for use in medicines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.176-178
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• 1990

The essential fatty acid composition of evening primrose seed at 3 natural habitats in Korea was investigated by means of capillary column gas-chromatography. The content of essential fatty acid components was palmitic acid 6.19-6.73%. stearic acid 1.84-1. 99%, oleic acid 6.73-9.10%. linoleic acid 74.41-75.53%. Particularly. gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) which is a precursor of prostaglandin was 9.14% in Cheong-ju. 9.32% in Che-cheon and 8.31% in An-dong. Based on the GLA content evening primroses in Korean natural habitats seem to be very promising and useful for GLA production.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1991

- The effects of sodium acetate on the production of $\gamma$-linolenic acid (GLA) and the secretion of the mycelial lipid into the culture medium with noninnic surfactants were studied with Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P. In the addition of 2.0%) sodium acetate to the basal medium, dry cell weight and total lipid content were increased from 7.8 g/l and 2.46 g/l to 16.0 g/1 and 4.77 g/l, but GLA content was decreased from 18.6% to 13.85%. The growth of Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P was greatly dependent on both the initial pH and the concentration of sodium acetate of culture medium, which was considered as the results of the formation of acetic acid because the fungal growth was completely inhibited at the concentration of acetic acid higher than 22 mM. With the decrease of the oxygen supply, the cell growth, total lipid, and GLA content were sharply decreased in the presence of 2.0% sodium acetate. For the secretion of mycelial lipid into the culture medium, the effects of the various nonionic surfactants were examined. In the addition of 0.5% Tween 80 or Span 80 to the basal medium, 194 mg/l or 263 mg/l of GLA was obtained in the culture medium.

• Proceedings of the EASDL Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.13-30
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• 2004

There are two groups of significant functional constituents in sesame seeds on the whole; one is the vegetable oils and another is the anti-oxidative compounds. However, although high amounts of major fatty acids are synthesized in sesame seeds, their composition is unfavorable because the contents of alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid, the essential fatty acids, are very low or do not produced in sesame seeds. So, to increase these fatty acids in sesame seeds, one strategy is to overexpress their genes, ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid desaturase for alpha-linolenic acid and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase for gamma-linolenid acid, in them. Another molecular target is to enhance alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E, because its content is very low in sesame seeds. The enzyme, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of gamma-tocophero to alpha-tocopherol. Overexpression of this enzyme in sesame seeds could be also a good molecular breeding target. Reduction of phytic acid is also another molecular target in sesame seeds because phosphorus pollution may be caused by its high content in sesame seeds. Accordingly, to do so, one of target enzymes could be myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase which is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway of phytic aicd biosyntheses. In this lecture, a molecular strategy for development of value-added sesame crop is described in association with some results of our experiments involved in the molecular characterizations of the genes mentioned above.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.539-544
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• 2008

A mutant of Arthrospira platensis PCC 9108, strain M9108, obtained by mutagenesis with UV treatment, was able to mixotrophically grow in an SOT medium containing 40 g of glucose/l. The biomass and specific growth rate of strain M9108 (4.10 g/l and 0.70/d) were 1.9-fold and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild type (2.21 g/l and 0.58/d) under mixotrophic culture condition. In addition, when compared with the wild type, the content of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) in the mutant was increased when glucose concentration was increased. Compared with the wild type, the GLA content of the mutant was 2-fold higher in autotrophic culture and about 3-fold higher in mixotrophic culture. Thus, the mutant appears to possess more efficient facility to assimilate and metabolize glucose and to produce more GLA than its wild-type strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2009

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 ${\Delta}^{6,9,12}$) is synthesized by a delta-6 fatty acid desaturase using linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ${\Delta}^{9,12}$) as a substrate. To enable the production of GLA in the conventional yeast Pichia pastoris, we have isolated a cDNA encoding the delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Cunninghamella echinulata MIAN6 and confirmed its function by heterogeneous expression in P. pastoris. Sequence analysis indicated that this cDNA sequence has an open reading frame of 1,404 bp, which encodes a 52 kDa peptide of 468 amino acids. This sequence has 64% identity to the previously reported delta-6 fatty acid desaturase from Rhizopus oryzae. The polypeptide has a cytochrome b5 domain at the N-terminus including the HPGG motif in the heme-binding region, as reported for other delta-6 fatty acid desaturases. In addition, this enzyme differs from other desaturases by the presence of three possible N-linked glycosylation sites. Analysis of the fatty acid composition demonstrated the accumulation of GLA to the level of 3.1% of the total fatty acids. Notably, the amounts of ginkgolic acid (C17:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were increased from 1.3% to 29.6% and from 15% to 33%, respectively. These results reveal that the modification of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by genetic manipulation in order to produce specific polyunsaturated fatty acids in P. pastoris is a promising technique.