• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.763-767
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• 2014

Aim: To study the contribution of genetic variation in RAD51 to risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RAD51 (rs1801320, rs4144242 and rs4417527) were genotyped in 316 ESCC patients and 316 healthy controls in Anyang area of China using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism). Demographic variables between cases and controls were statistically compared by T test and Chi-square test. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated by the Chi-square test. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to measure any association with ESCC. Haplotype frequencies were estimated by Phase 2.1. Result: The genotype frequencies of rs1801320, rs4144242 and rs4417527 in patients with ESCC demonstrated no significant differences from those in control group (P>0.05). When the haplotypes of these three SNPs were constructed and their relationships with ESCC risk investigated, however, CGG was observed to increase the risk (P=0.020, OR=2.289). Conclusions: There was no association between the three SNPs of RAD51 and ESCC susceptibility in our Chinese population. However, the CGG haplotype might be a risk factor.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was examined the effects of a hepatitis A education on attitude, vaccination intention, and preventive behavior. Methods: Eighty-eight college students at two universities participated in this study. The data were collected from August 29 to September 30 in 2011 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ${\chi}^2$ test. Results: There were no significant differences of preventive behavior of hepatitis A between the positive and negative message groups (t=1.10, p=.499). However, the negative message group had a significantly higher attitude of preventive behavior (t=0.92, p=.049) and vaccination intention (${\chi}^2$=5.43, p=.039) than the positive message group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that negatively framed messages are effective on increasing the attitude, vaccination intention, and preventive behavior.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.209-219
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• 2013

The research is to evaluate the statistical difference between K-GAAP(Generally Accepted Account Principles) in 2008 year and K-IFRS(International Financial Reporting Standards) in 2012 year. H Motor Company, S Electronics and L Electronics are the three representative firms adopting K-GAAP and K-IFRS in Korea. The ${\chi}^2$ homogeneous test are used to identify the reduction of the number of account items of four financial statements such as Statement of Financial Position(SFP), Statement of Comprehensive Income(SCI), Statement of Cash Flow(SCF), and Statement of Change in Equity(SCE) between K-GAAP and K-IFRS.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2005

This paper presents a method for detecting scene changes in video sequences, in which the $chi^{2}$-test is modified by imposing weights according to NTSC standard. To automatically determine threshold values for scene change detection, the proposed method utilizes the frame differences that are obtained by the weighted $chi^{2}$-test. In the first step, the mean and the standard deviation of the difference values are calculated, and then, we subtract the mean difference value from each difference value. In the next step, the same process is performed on the remained difference values, mean-subtracted frame differences, until the stopping criterion is satisfied. Finally, the threshold value for scene change detection is determined by the proposed automatic threshold estimation algorithm. The proposed method is tested on various video sources and, in the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method is reliably estimates the thresholds and detects scene changes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.317-323
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of the Ministry-of-Health-and-Welfare-initiated comprehensive nursing service on the nursing performance, job satisfaction, and customer orientation among nurses. The participants were nurses working in a running hospital without a patient-sitter in S city (Experimental group=57, Control group=55). The data was collected at 1 and 6 months following a pilot program and analyzed by SPSS using a Chi-squire test, t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and ANCOVA. The experimental group showed significantly better nursing performance, job satisfaction, and customer orientation than the control group. This finding can be used to establish the criteria for systematizing comprehensive nursing service.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1093-1096
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• 2012

Background: Cervical cancer is common among women worldwide. A multitude of risk factors aggravate the disease. This study was conducted to: (1) determine the prevalence and (2) make a comparative analysis of the socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors of cervical cancer and knowledge, attitude and practice between rural and urban women of North Bengal, India. Study Design: Community-based cross-sectional study. Methods: A survey (first in North Bengal) was conducted among 133 women in a rural area (Kawakhali) and 88 women in an urban slum (Shaktigarh) using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires. The respondents were informed of the causes (including HPV), signs and symptoms, prevention of cervical cancer and treatment, and the procedure of the PAP test and HPV vaccination. Results: The prevalence of risk factors like multiparity, early age of marriage, use of cloth during menstruation, use of condom and OCP, early age of first intercourse was 37.2%, 82%, 83.3%, 5.4%, 15.8% and 65.6% respectively. Awareness about the cause, signs and symptoms, prevention of cervical cancer, PAP test and HPV vaccination was 3.6%, 6.3%, 3.6%, 9.5% and 14.5% respectively. Chi-square testing revealed that in the study population, significant differential at 5% exists between rural and urban residents with respect to number of children, use of cloth/sanitary napkins, family history of cancer and awareness regarding causes of cervical cancer. Regarding KAP, again using chi-square tests, surprisingly, level of education is found to be significant for each element of KAP in urban areas in contrast to complete absence of association between education and elements of KAP in rural areas. Conclusions: A large number of risk factors were present in both areas, the prevalence being higher in the rural areas. The level of awareness and role of education appears to be insignificant determinants in rural compared to urban areas. This pilot study needs to be followed up by large scale programmes to re-orient awareness campaigns, especially in rural areas.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.485-495
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• 2021

Recently, vegetarian diets have experienced a dramatic increase in popularity. The aim of the study is to explore and test the relationship between the factors influencing consumers' dietary decisions in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The questionnaire applied a five-point Likert scale to investigate factors that affect Ho Chi Minh City's citizens when they have a vegetarian diet. 497 respondents (68% female; 61.2% aged 18-22; 82.7% had regular vegetarian diets) living in Ho Chi Minh City took part in both online and offline surveys. The results were processed by SPSS 22.0 software. The reliability was checked by Cronbach Alpha and Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the underlying relationships between measured variables. The Correlation analysis was implemented to show how strong and degree of two variables are related to each other before the multivariate regression equation was analyzed. The result showed the Five factors that were motivating people in Ho Chi Minh City to decide on plant-based diets, such as Animal Welfare, Health, Religion, Mood, and Reference groups. The mood is the most influential variable that significantly influences people's food choices. Attitudes toward vegetarian diets are changing. Therefore, recognizing the trends in food consumption might help companies take advantage of investment opportunities and build their marketing strategies.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

This study was conducted to explore the correlation between the personality types and learning styles and academic achievement in first year nursing students. 144 students were sampled in first year nursing sstudents. Data were collected from March 6 to May 18 2018. Results analysis was performed using SPSS win version of frequency, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation. The personality types of nursing students in this study were 58.3% of Extrovert type, 41.7% of Introvert type, 33.3% of Sensing, 66.7% of Intuition type, 22.2% of Thinking, 77.8% of Feeling, 50.7% of Judging type, and 49.3% of Perceiving type. The average academic achievement of female students was 3.51 points, higher than the average of 3.17 for male students (t=-3.277, p<.001). The average academic achievement of Introvert type was found to be higher than the average of Extrovert type (t=3.541, p<.001). Learning styles by personality type showed a statistically significant difference between the judging type and the other personality types (${\chi}^2=18.409$, p<.001). There was a significant amount of correlation between gender and TF index (r=.209, p<.05), gender and academic achievement (r=.265, p<.01), JP index and learning styles (r=.262, p<.01, EI index and academic achievement (r=.285, p<.01). The development and utilization of teaching-learning methods suitable for individuals will be required based on the results of personality types, learning styles and academic achievement in first year nursing students identified through this study.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.46-52
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• 1981

The aim at this study has the stochastic hydrological analysis for the annual mean discharge and monthly discharge which were observed at Lobith of River Rhine in the Netherlands from 1901 to 1972. After this study was analysed by computer IBM 370 and Hewlett Parkard 9800, the results were as follows; 1.When 72 data was divided into two groups of subsample data as 36 data, they do not have their properties to be non-homogeneous and inconsistent due to F-test and t-test. 2.The credit limits of the serial correlation coefficient was fluctuated $\pm$0. 231 which was shown in Fig. 3. at significant level 99% by Anderson's test. 3.The correlogram at short term was shown to be no short-term persistence as Fig. 3. 4.Since the correlogram at long term has displayed that Hurst's coefficient was 0.6144 between 0.6 and 0.7, it was to be no long-term persistence. 5.The stochastic model with annual discharge of this River Rhine was shown with $\chi$t=2195+483. 8 $\varepsilon$t as $\chi$t=$\mu$+oet and $\varepsilon$t=$_1$ø$\varepsilon$t-$_1$+ζt where t=1,2,3,..., ζt is an independent series with mean zero and variance (1-ø2), $\varepsilon$t is the dependent series, and 4' is the parameter of the model. 6.The serial correlation coefficient of monthly discharge was explained as $\chi$$_1$ = 0.34 . sin(6-$\pi$t+$\pi$) as Fig.4. and the River Rhine has no large fluctuation and smoothly changed during that time.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Tai chi exercise program on the physical function, self-esteem and social behavior in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: This study utilized a nonequivalent control group with pretest-posttest design. The 45 subjects were recruited from a mental health care facility in D city and randomly assigned either to the experimental group (n=23) or to the control group (n=22). The experimental group participated in the Tai chi exercise program, twice a week for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed with SPSSWIN V. 11.5 program, using $X^2$-test and t-test. Results: After 12 weeks, there were significant differences in flexibility (p=.027), balance (p=.011), self-esteem (p=.005) and social behavior (p=.003) between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed the positive effects of Tai-Chi exercise program in patients with schizophrenia. Further studies are required to determine the effects on physical and social variables.