• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 1985

To evaluate change of serum $beta_2-microglobulin$ concentration$(s\beta_2-MG)$ and the usefulness of $s\beta_2-MG$ and $s\beta_2-MG/serum$ creatinine concentration(sCr) ratio in various renal diseases, $s\beta_2-MG$ and sCr were measured in 25 normal controls and 90 patients of various renal diseases(16 cases of glomerulonephritis, 12 cases of acute renal failure, 8 cases of chronic renal failure, 24 cases of nephrotic syndrome, 15 cases of tubulointerstitial diseases and 15 cases of lupus nephritis) using $Phadebas^\circledR$ $Beta_2-Micro$ Test kits. The results were as follows; 1) In normal control, the mean value of $s\beta_2-MG$ was $1.65{\pm}0.41mg/l$ and the mean value of $s\beta_2-MG/sCr$ ratio was $0.14{\pm}0.05$. 2) In various renal diseases, the mean value of $s\beta_2-MG$ was $6.74{\pm}5.47mg/l$. The mean value of $s\beta_2-MG/sCr$ ratio was $0.24{\pm}0.11$ and significantly elevated than that of normal control. (p<0.05) 3) The correlation between $s\beta_2-MG$ and sCr in glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease was log $s\beta_2-MG-0.90$ log sCr-0.48 and its correlation coefficient was 0.78(p<0.05). 4) In glomerular disease, the correlation between $s\beta_2-MG$ and sCr was log $s\beta_2-MG-0.89$ log sCr-0.46(r - 0.76) and in tubulointerstitial disease, it was log, $s\beta2-MG-0.95$ log sCr-0.59 (r-0.87). There was no significant difference between the two groups(p<0.05). 5) Among 32 cases of glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease patients, whose sCr was within normal range, 17 cases showed elevated $s\beta_2-MG$. The mean values of $s\beta_2-MG/sCr$ ratio in these patients was $0.30{\pm}0.14$ and significantly elevated than that of normal control(p<0.05). 6) In 15 cases of lupus nephritis, 12 cases showed elevated $s\beta_2-MG$ with normal sCr and 12 cases showed elevated $s\beta_2-MG/sCr$ ratio. With above results, it was found that the $s\beta_2MG$ can be used as an index of glomerular filtration rate as in the case of sCr and that $s\beta_2-MG/sCr$ ratio can be used as a tool in early detection of slightly decreased glomerular filtration rate and in detection of the renal disease of increased $\beta_2-MG$ production.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.362-366
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• 2008

The precipitation behavior in Mg-6 wt%Zn-1 wt%Y alloy annealed at different temperatures of $200^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$ has been characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope. When the alloy is annealed at $200^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr, the plate- and the rod-shaped ${\beta}_2'$ phases are precipitated in the matrix. The orientation relationship of plate-shaped precipitates with the matrix exhibits a [$11{\bar{2}}0]{\beta}_2$ || [$10{\bar{1}}0$]Mg, $(0001){\beta}_2'$ || (0001)Mg. While the rod-shaped precipitates have two kinds of the orientation relationships with the matrix, i.e. $[11{\bar{2}}0]{\beta}_2'$||[0001] Mg, $(0001){\beta}_2'||(11{\bar{2}}0)$ Mg and $[11{\bar{2}}0]{\beta}_2'$||[0001] Mg, $({\bar{1}}106){\beta}_2'||(10{\bar{1}}0)$ Mg. With increasing annealing time at $200^{\circ}C$ the ${\beta}_1'$ phases are also precipitated in the matrix and the orientation relationship exhibits a $[010]{\beta}_1'$ || [0001]Mg, $(603){\beta}_1'$ || ($01{\bar{1}}0$)Mg between the ${\beta}_1'$ precipitate and the matrix. The icosahedral phases are precipitated in the alloy annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ and exhibit a $[I2]_I$ || [0001]Mg relationship with the matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1976

In this investigation, the physico-chemical properties of Korean cattles milk and Holstein cows milk are studied. The results of the milk -protein of F-1, F-2, and F-4 hybrid are interested in this studied. 1. The physico-chemical properties of Korean cattle and Holstein cows milk is summarized at Table 1, Table 2. 2. The electrophoretic milk protein fraction of Korean cattle is identified : Lactoalbumin 1.74mg%. Alpha-1 globulin 1.19mg%, Alpha-2 globulin 0.68mg%, Beta-globulin 2.57mg%, Gamma-globulin 0.93mg%. 3. The electrophoretic milk protein fraction of Holstein cow : Lactoalbumin 1.23mg%, Alpha-1 globulin 0.93mg%, Alpha-2 globulin 0.86mg%, Bata-globulin 2.56mg%, Gamma-globulin 1.74mg% have been identified. 4. The electrophoretic milk protein fraction of hybrid F-1, F-2, and F-4 between Korean cattle(female) and Holstein(male) is obtained the following : F-1 hybrid : Lactoalbumin 1.38mg%, Alpha-1 globulin 1.58mg%, Alpa-2 globulin 2.46mg%, Beta-globulin 1.39mg%. F-2 hybrid : Lactoalbumin 1.57mg%, Alpha-1 globulin 1.74mg%, Alpha-2 globulin 2.19mg%, Beta-globulin 1.74mg%. F-4 hybrid : Lactoalbumin 2.46mg%, Alpha-1 globulin 1. 24mg%, Alpha-2 globulin 1.57㎎%, Beta-globulin 1.74mg%.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.856-859
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• 2007

We have investigated the antimetastatic and antitumor effects of Ginsenoside Rh2 and ${\beta}-glucan$ unsing an experimental metastatic mouse model intravenously injected with B 16 melanoma F 10 cells. Animal groups are divided into six groups according to the dosage of drug administration and the kind of drugs. The groups are control, ${\beta}-glucan$ with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, Geinsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg, and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg. Oral administration of various concentration of ${\beta}-glucan$( 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were reduced the lung- metastatics induced by metastatic B16 melanoma F 10 cells injection with a dose dependent manner in the syngenic mice. At same dosage group, Ginsenoside Rh2 (50 mg/kg) has more antimetastatic effect than the ${\beta}-glucan$(50 mg/kg). The highest antimetastatic effects was observed in the ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group and has a similar tendency in the anti-tumor effects, including decrease of the average tumor weight and increase of the average survival rate. There are no differences of the average tumor weights were apparent in the ${\beta}-glucan$ groups, however there were little decrease of the average tumor weight in Ginsenoside 50 mg/kg group and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group than that of the control group. The rate of average survival rate in the ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group, ${\beta}-glucan$ 200 mg/kg, ${\beta}-glucan$ 100 mg/kg and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg, and Ginsenoside 50 mg/kg groups were highly in order. These data suggest that antimetastatic and antitumor effect of combination of Ginsenodide Rh2 and ${\beta}-glucan$ be the highest in this study.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1992

Bacillus stearothemophilus isolated from soil was identified to express multiple extracellular xylanases. Two HindIII restriction fragments of 5.4 and 6.4 kb from B. stearothermophilus genomic DNA were cloned into pBR322 to obtain recombinant plasmids pMG0l and pMG02, respectively, which enabled E. coli HBlOl cells to produce $\beta$-D-xylosidase activity. By subcloning into pUC18 and Southern blotting, the loci of the $\beta$-D-xyiosidase genes were elucidated to be on non-homologous DNA fragments of 2.2 kb from pMGOl(pMG1) and 1.0 kb from pMG02(pMG2), respectively. The two enzymes produced in E. coli cleaved xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetrose and xylotetrose to produce xylose as a major end product. The gene on pMG1, distinct from that on pMG2 was observed to encode a bifunctional protein that displayed both P-D-xylosidase (EC.3.2.1.37) and a-L-arabinofuranosidase activities (EC.3.2.1.55).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2007

This study demonstrates that pork cholesterol levels are reduced in fattening stage swine fed $\beta-cyclodextrin({\beta}-cyclodextrin)$. The study subjects were 120 swine fed their respective chow diets containing 0, 5, 7, or 10% $\beta$-cyclodextrin for 35 consecutive days. Plasma total lipids, triglyceride and total cholesterol of the $\beta$-cyclodextrin treated group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). The levels of plasma lipid were significantly decreased by 63.22 mg, 73.98 mg, and 82.12 mg in the fattening swine group fed $\beta$-cyclodextrin at 5%, 7%, and 10%, respectively, compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). When 5, 7, and 10% $\beta$-cyclodextrin was administered to fattening swine, the triacylglyceride levels were decreased by 56.24 mg, 55.48 mg, and 60.02 mg, and total cholesterol concentration was reduced by 25.05 mg, 27.17 mg, and 30.19 mg, respectively, compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). Excretion of total steroid significantly (p<0.05) increased with the increasing amount of $\beta$-cyclodextrin supplementation. The cholesterol levels of swine back fat, belly, loin, and ham were significantly decreased with increasing $\beta$-cyclodextrin supplementation (p<0.05). The pork cholesterol was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 15.31% in the $\beta$-cyclodextrin treated group, compared to that of the control group. These results suggest that feeding $\beta$-cyclodextrin to fattening swine may produce novel functional pork with low cholesterol levels.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to verify renal inflammation following Kawasaki disease (KD) using single photon emission computed tomography along with Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (DMSA renal SPECT). Methods: From March 2011 to October 2011, 15 patients diagnosed with KD at the National Health Insurance System Ilsan Hospital were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent DMSA renal SPECT to evaluate renal involvement during the acute phase of KD. Urine ${\beta}2$-microglobulin (${\beta}2$-MG), a marker of renal proximal tubular dysfunction, was also measured to assess renal damage. Results: All 15 patients had normal renal function test results. However, microscopic hematuria and pyuria were observed in 13% and 33% of the patients, respectively. Moreover, urine ${\beta}2$-MG was elevated in 46% of the patients. In addition, patients were divided into two groups based on ${\beta}2$-MG level: those with an increased ${\beta}2$-MG level, and those with a normal ${\beta}2$-MG level. No significant differences were found between these two groups in clinical characteristics, laboratory, sonography, and echocardiography findings. All patients' DMSA renal SPECT scans were normal. Conclusion: Our study showed that mild abnormalities in the urinalysis and elevated urine ${\beta}2$-MG were the only findings of renal involvement in KD. However, no aggressive renal manifestations were detected on DMSA renal SPECT.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1999

Renal scarring associated with vesico-ureteral reflux(VUR) is one of the major causes of end stage renal failure and renal hypertension in children. Urinary ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin(MG) has been suggested as a potential marker for presence of renal tubular damage. This study was designed to evaluate the significance of random urine ${\beta}_2$-MG as a predictor of presence of vesico-ureteral reflux in children with urinary tract infection(UTI). 57 children with urinary tract infection were studied. Patients were devided into two groups; 35($78.9\%$) children have UTI without VUR and 12($21.1\%$) children have UTI and VUR. Beta2-MG and creatinine in random urine sample was measured to decide the excretion ratio(${\beta}_2$-MG/creatinine). Among the 57 children with UTI, 44 children were confirmed by urine culture study and 13 children suspected by compatible clinical feature. Random urine ${\beta}_2$-MG of VUR group ($2.2{\pm}5.91$ mg/L) were significantly higher than that of simple UTI group($0.19{\pm}0.16mg/L$)(P=0.03). The ${\beta}_2$-MG/creatinine ratio of VUR group($32.41{\pm}25.7$) were significantly higher than that of simple UTI group($3.93{\pm}3.44$)(P=0.007). In conclusion, random urine ${\beta}_2$-MG and excretion ratio deserved early predictor of presence of VUR in children with UTI. And this method was more simple and inexpensive than the method of measuring ${\beta}_2$-MG with 24 hour urine collection, so might be a useful screening test for VUR in children with UTI.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1405-1409
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the isoflavone contents of soybeans, Meju, and Doenjang. $The\;{\beta}-glucosidase$ activities were also determined and characterized in soybeans, Meju, and Doenjang. The total concentration of daidzein was 406 mg/kg of soybeans, 433 mg/kg of Meju, and 538 mg/kg of Doenjang. Aglycones compose 26.03% of total isoflavones in soybeans, 61.96% in Meju, and 107.68% in Doenjang. The total concentration of genistein was 484, 200 and 538 mg/kg of soybeans, Meju and Doenjang, respectively. Aglycones compose 19.49% of total isoflavones in soybeans, 68.52% in Meju, and 85.26% in Doenjang. The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity was detected in soybeans (5.65 units/mg protein), Meju (2.04 units/mg protein), and Doenjang (0.69 units/mg protein). The optimal pH of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activities were $6.5{\sim}7.0$ and the optimal temperature of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activities was $50^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.389-397
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• 1992

Workability and aging behavior of Mg-Li-Al alloys hate been investigated with variation of Li and Al contents. It was found that ${\alpha}$(HCP) + ${\beta}$(BCC) two phase structure reveals better workability than ${\alpha}$(HCP) single phase structure. Increase of workability is attributed to the additional slip on pyramidal and prism planes besides the slip on basal plane of HCP Mg. Workability of ${\alpha}$+${\beta}$ two phase structure is improved with increased amount of Al. Among alloys studied in the present study, reduction limit up to 62 % was obtained for Mg-8.08Li-4.26Al. MgL$i_2$Al(${\theta}$) aging precipitation was observed in ${\alpha}$+ ${\beta}$ two phase structure, while it was not in a single phase structure. Result of microhardness reveals peak hardness for ${\alpha}$ +${\beta}$ two phase structure due to $\theta$ precipitate in ${\theta}$ phase. In ${\alpha}$+${\beta}$ two phase Mg-Li-Al alloys, hardness increased with increasing amount of Al. It is believed that addition of Al raised the amount Al partition in u phase and ${\theta}$ precipitation in ${\beta}$ phase.