• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.554-569
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus plantarum K10. The ${\alpha}-amylase$ inhibitory activity, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity, and lipase inhibitory activity of L. plantarum K10 was $94.66{\pm}4.34%$, $99.78{\pm}0.12%$, and $87.40{\pm}1.41%$, respectively. Moreover, the strain inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells ($32.61{\pm}8.32%$) at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. In order to determine its potential for use as a probiotic, we investigated the physiological characteristics of L. plantarum K10. L. plantarum K10 was resistant to gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. It also showed higher Leucine arylamidase, Valine arylamidase, and ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activities. Moreover, it was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and acid, exhibiting resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus with rates of 90.71%, 11.86%, 14.19%, and 23.08%, respectively. The strain did not produce biogenic amines and showed higher adhesion to HT-29 cells compared to L. rhamnosus GG. As a result of the animal study, L. plantarum K10 showed significantly lower body weight compared to the high-fat diet group. The administration of L. plantarum K10 resulted in a reduction of subcutaneous fat mass and mesenteric fat mass compared to the high-fat diet (HFD) group. L. plantarum K10 also showed improvement in gut permeability compared to the HFD positive control group. These results demonstrate that L. plantarum K10 has potential as a probiotic with anti-obesity effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.366-374
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• 2016

Background: In this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09. Methods: The transformation of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1 into minor ginsenosides F2, C-K and Rh1 using endophyte JG09 isolated by an organizational separation method and Esculin-R2A agar assay, as well as the identification of transformed products via TLC and HPLC, were evaluated. Endophyte JG09 was identified through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A total of 32 ${\beta}$-glucosidase-producing endophytes were screened out among the isolated 69 endophytes from P. grandiflorum. An endophyte bacteria JG09 identified as Luteibacter sp. effectively converted protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd into minor ginsenosides F2 and C-K, and converted protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 into minor ginsenoside Rh1. The transformation pathways of major ginsenosides by endophyte JG09 were as follows: $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rb2{\rightarrow}C-O{\rightarrow}C-Y{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rc{\rightarrow}C-Mc1{\rightarrow}C-Mc{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rg1{\rightarrow}Rh1$. The maximum production rate of ginsenosides F2 and C-K reached 94.53% and 66.34%, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first report about conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides by fermentation with P. grandiflorum endophytes. The results of the study indicate endophyte JG09 would be a potential microbial source for obtaining minor ginsenosides.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 1982

2% CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose)를 탄소원으로 하여 $28^{\circ}C$에서 8일간 배양한 도열병균 (Pyriculariaoryzae, $C-7^{+t}$)의 배양액을$(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 염석, Sephadex G-150 및 DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography를 거쳐 순화하였다. 순화결과 $F_1,\;F_2,\;F_3$ 3개의 CMCase $(C_x)$, 1개의 Avicelase $(C_1)$ 및 1개의 ${\beta}-glucosidase$를 얻었는데 그중 $C_1$ 효소의 $F_3$만을 골라 실험을 계속했다. 이 효소의 활성도는 pH 6.0 과 $40^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았으며 $40^{\circ}C$까지 안정한 효소인 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 효소의 Km과 Vmax값은 각각 $2.8{\times}10^{-3}mM$, 5.9 mmoles/hour이었고, 분자량은 Sephadex G-150 column chromatography에 의해 약 80,000으로 나타났다. 약 7배로 순화된 이 효소의 순화정도를 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis에 의해 검증한 결과 1개의band를 나타냈다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.15-15
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• 2010

Ginseng contained many different kinds of saponin which was the most valuable for people, but its yield cannot satisfy the demand using traditional extract methods. Enzyme transformation is a conformable and highly performed method which was fit for today. A ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing bacterium ($DCY51^T$) was isolated from Korean fermented-vegetable food kimchi. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain $DCY51^T$ belongs to the genus Lactobacillus. The highest sequence similarity was found with Lactobacillus paracollinoides LMG $22473^T$ and Lactobacillus collinoides LMG $9194^T$ with levels of 16S rDNA similarity of 97.4% and 97.3%, respectively. Based on the above results the strain $DCY51^T$ placed in the genus Lactobacillus and proposed a new species, Lactobacillus kimchicus sp. nov. $DCY51^T$ (= KCTC $12976^T$ = JCM $15530^T$). It was culture solution reacted with Red Ginseng extract and $Rb_1$, respectively. The medium of bacteria was the liquid of MRS, the temperatures of growing and reacting between bacteria liquid and saponin were samely $37^{\circ}C$, there spective reacting time were 12 hours and 48 hours. Thus we got different saponins, and TLC and HPLC analysis showed that: enzyme respectively reacted with $Rb_1$ and Red Ginseng extract got the transformed saponin, respectively. The polarity position in TLC was a little higher than Rd; and the polarity position was the same as that of Compound K's, the saponin obtained from HPLC and other experimental results was not Compound K. The constitution of its saponin was hoped to be further confirmed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.959-968
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• 2014

The changes in the ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity, total phenolic contents, isoflavone contents, and antioxidant activities during the fermentation of cheonggukjang by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MJ1-4 with and without garlic were investigated. The levels of total phenolic and isoflavone-malonylglycoside, -acetylglycoside, and -aglycone contents increased, whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay results increased, but isoflavone-glycoside levels decreased during cheonggukjang fermentation. The levels of total phenolic and total isoflavone contents and the antioxidant activities were higher in cheonggukjang fermented without garlic (CFWOG) than in cheonggukjang fermented with garlic (CFWG) after 24 h of fermentation, but they were lower in CFWOG than in CFWG after 72 h of fermentation. In particular, the highest levels of total phenolic, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein were present at concentrations of 15.18 mg/g, $264.4{\mu}g/g$, $16.4{\mu}g/g$, and $31.1{\mu}g/g$ after 72 h of fermentation in CFWG, showing 82.89% in DPPH radical scavenging activity, 106.32% in ABTS radical scavenging activity, and 1.47 ($OD_{593nm}$) in FRAP assay, respectively. From these results, we suggest that the high antioxidant activity of CFWG might be related to the markedly higher levels of total phenolic contents, isoflavone-malonylglycosides, -acetylglycosides, and -aglycones achieved during fermentation.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.712-718
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• 2011

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is frequently used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine. The major components of ginseng are ginsenosides. Among these, ginsenoside compound K has been reported to prevent the formation of malignancy and metastasis of cancer by blocking the formation of tumor and suppressing the invasion of cancer cells. In this study, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was converted into compound K, via secreted ${\beta}$-glucosidase enzyme from the Leuconostoc lactis DC201 isolated, which was extracted from Kimchi. The strain DC201 was suspended and cultured in MRS broth at $37^{\circ}C$. Subsequently, the residue from the cultured broth supernatant was precipitated with EtOH and then dissolved in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to obtain an enzyme liquid. Meanwhile, the crude enzyme solution was mixed with ginsenoside $Rb_1$ at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v).The reaction was carried out at $30^{\circ}C$ and 190 rpm for 72 hours, and then analyzed by TLC and HPLC. The result showed that ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed into compound K after 72 hours post reaction.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2007

In our study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented whey solutions were applied in the soybean soaking process to minimize bacterial contamination and to enrich the biologically functional components of isoflavone and $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Among the 11 LAB tested, Bifidobacteria infantis and a mixed culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus; ABT-3) displaying the greatest $\beta$-glucosidase activity were selected to produce improved biologically functional soybean preparations. In the soybean soaking processing (without water spraying), the LAB-cultured 10% whey solution was used to soak and to ferment the soybeans and the fermented soybeans were finally dried by heat-blowing at $55^{\circ}C$. The processing conditions used in this study demonstrated that the final soybean product had a reduced contamination by aerobic and coliform bacteria, compared to raw soybeans, likely due to the decrease in pH during LAB fermentation. The aglycone content of the isoflavone increased up to 44.6 mg per 100 g of dried soybean by the processing method, or approximately 8-9 times as much as their initial content. The GABA contents in the processed samples increased as the processing time of soaking-fermentation proceeded as well. The soybean sample that fermented by ABT-3 culture for 24 hr showed the greatest increase in GABA content (23.95 to 97.79 mg/100 g), probably as a result of the activity of glutamate decarboxylases (GAD) released from the soybean or produced by LAB during the soaking process.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2016

Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of acid ${\beta}$-glucosidase. The diminished enzyme activity leads to the accumulation of substrates and results in multi-systemic manifestations including hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone diseases. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) by infusion of recombinant protein has been the standard treatment for over 20 years. Despite the successful long-term treatment with ERT, several unmet needs remain in the treatment of GD1 such as severe pulmonary and skeletal manifestations. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) reduces the accumulation of substrates by inhibiting their biosynthesis. Eliglustat, a new oral SRT, was approved in United States and Europe as a first-line therapy for treating adult patients with GD1 who have compatible CYP2D6 metabolism phenotypes. Although eliglustat is not yet available in Korea, introduction and summary of this new treatment modality are provided in this paper by review of literatures. Despite the fact that there are only limited studies to draw resolute conclusions, the current data demonstrated that eliglustat is not inferior to ERT in terms of its clinical efficacy. The approval of eligustat enables eligible adult GD1 patients to have the option of oral therapy although it still needs further studies on long-term outcomes. The individual patient should be assessed carefully for the choice of treatment modality when eliglustat becomes available in Korea. Furthermore, the clinical guidelines for Korean patients with GD1 regarding the use of eliglustat needs to be developed in near future.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2004

Geniposide and its related iridoid compounds have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thε treatment of Jaundice hepatic diseases and various inflammatorys. For the purpose to increase trandsdermal absorption, the hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Furctus were identified and assayed of active ingredients and investigated trandsdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects. Geniposide was hydrolyzed to genipin by ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and it was suggested that genipin was more suitable form than geniposide for transdermal absorption by its lipophilic property. Using Franz type diffusion cell and the skin of hairless mouse, the permeation rate of hydrolyzed products and their emulsion preparation were determined. Genipin have more increased absorption ratio through the skin of hairless mouse than geniposide. Also, the emulsion of hydrolyzed products of extracts showed higher permeability than that of nonhydrolyzed preparations. After 9 hours $280.85\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ of genipin was absorbed and $193.52\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ in case of geniposide. The Js of geniposide and genipin were $26.27{\pm}4.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ and $40.35{\pm}5.04\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ respectively. After carrageenan injection, the swelling was increased repidly to 24 hr and maintained as plateau. but emulsion group weer reached about 2.5 mL and the swelling decreased successively form 24 hr to 72 hr. The anti-inflammation effects of extracts and hydrolyzed products emulsion were increased with significant difference with control group after 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr. In carrageenan induced edema, inhibition of swelling was increased in case of hydrolyzed product emulsion compare with nonhydrolyzed group at 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after swelling. In histological study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrolyzed products were remarkable at 48 hr and 72 hr compare with nonhydrolyzed. Hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Fructus extracts containing genipin would be a suitable preparation to increase the transdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1681-1691
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• 2012

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on barley straw at boiling temperature and fractionation of its biomass components into lignin, hemicellulose, and reducing sugars. To this end, various concentrations of NaOH (0.5% to 2%) were applied for pretreatment of barley straw at $105^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed that 2% NaOH-pretreated barley straw exposed cellulose fibers on which surface granules were abolished due to comprehensive removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) result showed that the crystalline index was increased with increased concentration of NaOH and found a maximum 71.5% for 2% NaOH-pretreated sample. The maximum removal of lignin and hemicellulose was 84.8% and 79.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated liquor, respectively. Reducing sugar yield was 86.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated sample using an enzyme dose containing 20 FPU of cellulase, 40 IU of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and 4 FXU of xylanase/g substrate. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to produce the bioethanol precursor from barley straw using 2% NaOH at boiling temperature.