• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to compare the biological activities of water extracts and sugar immersion extracts of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in water extracts than in sugar immersion extracts. The anti-oxidative activities of water and sugar immersion extracts were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assay and reducing power assay. All extracts scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, and water extracts showed stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power than sugar immersion extract. However, they all exhibited lower activities than ascorbic acid. Compared to the anti-diabetic drug acarbose, which was used as a positive control, the two types of extracts exhibited low ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities, although the activity of sugar immersion extracts were 2-fold higher than that of water extracts. ${\alpha}$-Amylase inhibitory action was not observed for any of the extracts. Finally, by cytotoxicity test, we confirmed that sugar immersion extracts were safer than water extracts. These results indicate that water extracts and sugar immersion extracts of green pepper, purslane and shiitake have different advantages in terms of their antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.463-467
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• 2005

To reduce salt content in Korean traditional kochujang, horseradish powder (1.2%, w/w) was added to kochujang with 4-10% salt, and its microbial characteristics, enzyme activities, and gas formation in kochujang were evaluated during fermentation far 120 days at $25^{\circ}C$. All treatments of kochujang had no effects on total viable bacterial numbers, which kept constant level, during fermentation (7.32-8.765 log CFU/g). Yeast numbers did not change under all treatments up to 90 days of fermentation, then decreased thereafter, ${\alpha}$-Amylase and ${\beta}$-amylase, and neutral- and acid-pretense activities of kochujang added with horseradish powder were higher than those of control group. ${\beta}$-Amylase activity of kochujang increased in proportion to salt concentration. Total accumulative volume of gas produced during fermentation of kochujang without horseradish powder was 5,892 mL/pack then decreased to 121-347mL/pack with low-salted kochujang (salt 4%, 6%) added with horseradish powder, Major gas produced was $CO_{2}(74-80%)$. Results indicate salt contents of kochujang could be lowered up to 6% by addition of horseradish powder without gas formation and quality alteration.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was undertaken to compare the effect of Foeniculi Fructus and Lonicerae Flos extract on the cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Methods : Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein. Foeniculi Fructus extract (FE; 300 mg/kg) and Lonicerae Flos extract (LE; 300 mg/kg) were injected 2hr before induction of acute pancreatitis. Rats were sacrificed 6hr after first injection of cerulein. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measuring pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, neutrophil, lymphocyte, serum amylase activity, platelet activating factor (PAF) activity, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) activity, interleukin 6 (IL-6) activity and by histological assessments of inflammatory cell infiltration. Results : 1. The pancreatic weight/body weight ratios of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 2. The neutrophil content ratio of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased. 3. The lymphocyte content ratio of FE and LE group compared with the control group were increased significantly. 4. The activities of serum amylase of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 5. The activities of serum PAF of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 6. The activities of TNF-${\alpha}$ of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 7. The activities of IL-6 of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 8. The pancreas injected with FE and LE showed reduction of swelling of acinar cells, inflammation and vacuolization than the control group on light microscopic observation. Conclusions : These results suggest that Foeniculi Fructus and Lonicerae Flos extract have an effect to suppress inflammation on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. But there are no significant differences between Foeniculi Fructus extract and Lonicerae Flos extract.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2009

In this study, extracts from S. officinalis were tested for antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities against $\alpha$-amylase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). The content of total phenolic compounds in water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts were 36.2, 42.7, 40.3 and 39.6 mg/g, respectively. In 60% ethanol extracts, the EDA by DPPH free radical scavenging test of S. officinalis was $66.3{\pm}2.2%$ at $200{\mu}g/ml$. The inhibition rate of ABTS was $97.6{\pm}0.1%$, the antioxidant protection factor was $2.26{\pm}0.63$ PF, and TBARS was $0.62{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$ in the control and $0.29{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$). Also in 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis, the inhibitory activity against XOase was 78% and was not shown to be against ACE. According to the $12.6{\pm}0.14\;mm$ of clear zone formed, the inhibition rate against $\alpha$-Amylase was 7.6% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Antimicrobial activities of 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis against Helicobacter pylori exhibited an inhibition rate of $12.5{\sim}66.1%$ according to the $10{\sim}15\;mm$ of clear zone at $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional food sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1739-1744
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• 2010

In this study, the bioactivities of ethanol (EEAR) and water extract (WEAR) from the leaf of Aceriphyllum rossii were investigated. In the anti-oxidative activity, IC50 of DPPH radical scavenging activity was respectively 549.86 and $62.14{\mu}g$/mL by EEAR and WEAR. Anti-inflammatory activity of EEAR and WEAR has been evaluated on inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. EEAR and WEAR inhibited inflammatory by 5.58 and 16.85% in 10 mg/mL, respectively. In the anti-diabetic activity, $IC_{50}$ of $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 5.62 and $425.63{\mu}g$/mL by EEAR and WEAR. $IC_{50}$ of $\alpha$-amylase inhibitory activity of EEAR and WEAR was 4,623.87 and over $10,000{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. In the anti-obesity, all lipase inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$) of EEAR and WEAR was up $10,000{\mu}g$/mL. Finally, EEAR and WEAR exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-diabetic activity. It suggests that Aceriphyllum rossii could be potentially used as a resource of bioactive materials for health functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1092-1096
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• 1998

This work was to study the possibility of using germinated colored rice as a raw material for sikhe. Colored rice was soaked in water at $15^{\circ}C$ for 2 days and then germinated at 15, 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ for upto 10 days. The higher the germination temperature, the higher the germination speed, the rate of increase in ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, and the rate of increase in extract and its sugar content. The viscosity of extract rapidly decreased first and then slightly increased during germination. The germination speed of colored rice was lower than that of brown rice at $25^{\circ}C$. The germinated colored rice can be used for sikhe not as a saccharifying agent but as a substitute for white rice for the nutritional purpose.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.723-732
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate changes of protease and amylase activities and nitrogen content in Chungkookjang prepared by Bacillus subtilis S8 and different soybean. Amino-type nitrogen and ammonia-type nitrogen contents increased with an increase in fermentation time and was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang. The number of viable cells increased up to 24 h of fermentation at all temperatures tested; especially, their levels were the highest at $40^{\circ}C$. Protease activity was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang. ${\alpha}$-amylase activity increased significantly up to 6 h of fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ and then maintained constantly. It also increased up to 30-36 h of fermentation at $45^{\circ}C$ and then decreased. ${\beta}$-amylase activity was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ and in yellow soybean Chungkookjang at $45^{\circ}C$. Production pattern of reducing sugar was similar to that of ${\beta}$-amylase. Amino-type nitrogen, viable cell number and reducing sugar content and ${\beta}$-amylase activity was the highest in Chungkookjang fermented at $40^{\circ}C$. Considering amino-type and ammonia-type nitrogen contents, Chungkookjang fermentation using yellow soybean was favorable. However, the fermentation using black soybean was favorable, considering protease and amylase activities and reducing sugar content.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2004

The levels of arylsulfatases A and B, $\alpha$-amylase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase were investigated during the infection of mice with schistosoma mansoni. This infection caused a significant (p<0.001) increase in the activity of hepatic arylsulfatase B (ASB), aspartate transcarbamylases and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase. A non-significant difference occurred for $\alpha$-amylase (p<0.3) and arylsulfatase A (p>0.5) when compared to the control. The specific activity of hepatic ASB was progressively increased with the progression of the Schistosoma-infection. Moreover, the kinetic studies of hepatic ASB in Schistosoma-infection showed that a slight decrease in the value of $K_m$ and about a 40% increase in $V_{max}$ when compared to the control. In addition, the pH optimum of hepatic ASB was altered from 6 to 7 as a result of schistosomiasis. These observations suggest that there are schistosomiasis-associated changes of the catalytic and kinetic properties of hepatic ASB.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2003

To observe the effects of seed matriconditioning on the emergence, plumule growth, and seed physiological properties of normal and aged seeds of three corn(Zea mays L.) genotypes (dent, sugary, and shrunken-2), normal and artificially aged seeds were matriconditioned at 50, 75, 100, and 125% moisture contents of vermiculite at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and the germinability was examined at $25^{\circ}C$ and in cold test (7 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$followed by $25^{\circ}C$). Emergence rate, emergence speed, and plumule growth were smaller in the order of dent＞sugary＞shrunken-2. Matriconditioning did not affect the emergence rate of normal dent and sugary seeds, while it enhanced emergence speed and plumule growth. In contrast, the emergence rate, emergence speed, and plumule growth of normal shrunken-2 and aged seeds of all genotypes were enhanced as the moisture content of vermiculite increased up to 125% both at $25^{\circ}C$ and in cold test. Matriconditioning promoted $\alpha$-amylase activity and DNA and soluble protein contents, while it reduced the leakage of total sugars and electrolytes from the seeds when soaked in water.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.149-152
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• 2006

Leuconostoc mesenteroides SY1, a strain isolated from cabbage Kimchi, was transformed with pCW4, a shuttle vector based on a cryptic plasmid from Lactobacillus paraplantarum C7. $\alpha-Amylase$ gene, amyL, from Bacillus licheniformis was cloned into pCW4, resulting in $pCW4T{\alpha},\;and\;pCW4T{\alpha}$ was introduced into SY1 by electroporation. Transformation efficiency was $10^2cells/{\mu}g$ plasmid DNA. L. mesenteroides cells harboring $pCW4T{\alpha}$ did not show amylase activity, although amyL transcript was synthesized as determined by slot blot experiment. $pCW4T{\alpha}$ was stably maintained in SY1 in the presence of erythromycin (Em, $5\;{\mu}g/ml$) but rapidly lost when Em was omitted. Less than $1\%$ of the cells maintained $pCW4T{\alpha}$ after 5 days at $30^{\circ}C$.