• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.347-350
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• 2007

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.616-623
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• 2003

Waxy barley brans were collected during the pearling process. The extraction of $\beta$-glucan from barley bran was effected by the extraction conditions. The $\beta$-glucan content increased with temperature, but not with pH. The highest yield, 6.5%, was achieved at pH 7.0 and 55$^{\circ}C$. At pH 10 and 45$^{\circ}C$, 48.5% of the $\beta$-glucan in barley bran was recovered in the gum product, with 54.6% purity. The protein and starch contaminations were high, reaching 13.6 and 23.7%, respectively. The $\beta$-glucan content was greatest in the subaleurone and aleurone regions (bran fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4), and declined considerably toward the inner layers. A monosaccharide analysis of the purified, $\beta$-glucan, from bran fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4, indicated that glucose constituted the majority of the gum. The small amounts of the arabinose and xylose found in the gum may indicate the presence of arabinoxylans as minor constituents. The molecular weights of the $\beta$-glucans isolated from bran fractions 1,2 and 3 were found to be 4.09${\times}$10$^{5}$ ∼-4.41${\times}$10$^{5}$ . The major glycosidic linkages of the $\beta$-glucans demonstrated the presence of 2, 4, 6-Me-Glc and 2, 3, 6-Me-Glc. When flow behaviors of barley bran $\beta$-glucan were examined, $\beta$-glucan exhibited pseudoplastic fluid properties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2011

Varietal and annual variations in the contents of ${\beta}$-glucan fractions per weight grain samples were examined in sixteen covered and eighteen naked barley and five oat cultivars developed in Korea. Also, the effect of pearling on ${\beta}$-glucan content was investigated. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble ${\beta}$-glucan fractions were 5.25, 3.72, and 1.53%, respectively, in covered barley, and 5.86, 3.51, and 2.35%, respectively, in naked barley. Soluble ${\beta}$-glucan content was higher in covered barley, though total ${\beta}$-glucan content higher in naked barley. The total and insoluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents were higher in pearled grains. Total ${\beta}$-glucan content was higher in waxy barley than in non-waxy barley. Duwonchapssalbori, a two-rowed and waxy naked barley cultivar, was highest in total, soluble and insoluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between total ${\beta}$-glucan and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents both in covered and naked barley. There were significant annual variations in total ${\beta}$-glucan content in barley. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble ${\beta}$-glucans of oat cultivars were 4.33, 3.44, and 0.89%, respectively. Contents of all fractions of ${\beta}$-glucans were higher in barley than in oat. These results would be useful for the breeding of high ${\beta}$-glucan variety and also for the use barley and oat as valueadded food ingredients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2006

Yeast cell wall matrix particles are composed entirely of mannoprotein and ${\beta}-glucan$. The mannoproteins of yeast cell wall can systemically enhance the immune system. We previously purified and analyzed alkali-soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ [${\beta}$-(1,3)- and ${\beta}$-(1,6)-glucans] [10]. In the present study, a wild-type strain was first mutagenized with ultraviolet light, and the cell wall mutants were then selected by treatment with 1.0 mg/ml laminarinase (endo-${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucanase). Mannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were released by laminarinase, purified by concanavalin-A affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the mutants yielded 3-fold more mannoprotein than the wild-type. The mannoprotein mass of mutant K48L3 was 2.25 mg/100 mg of yeast cell dry mass. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that they contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, mannoproteins, are known to interact with macrophages through receptors, thereby inducing release of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide. Mannoprotein tractions in the present study had a higher macrophage activity of secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis than positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide). In particular, F1 and F3 fractions in mannoproteins of K48L3 enhanced and upregulated the activity of nitric oxide secretion and macrophage phagocytosis by approximately two- and four-fold, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.664-669
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• 2012

The mushroom Coriolusversicolor contains biologically active polysaccharides, most of which belong to the ${\beta}$ glucan group. Diverse physicochemical properties, due to different sources and isolated types of ${\beta}$-glucans, may induce distinct biological activities. Here, we examined the effects of ${\beta}$-glucan from Coriolusversicolor (CVG) on the scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) expression and the role of SR-B1 in CVG-induced phagocytosis regulation by using SR-B1-specific shRNA transfected cells. We also examined whether Dectin-1 and CK2 are involved in SR-B1 expression in CVG-treated cells. Our study results showed that CVG increased the SR-B1 expression via Dectin-1 and CK2 in macrophages. However, the inhibition of SR-B1 expression by shRNA did not completely eliminate the effect of CVG on the increase of phagocytosis suggesting that SR-B1 is not essential for CVG-stimulated phagocytosis. This study will contribute to identify CVG's mechanism of action and its use in the development of functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2006

[ $\beta$ ]-Glucans (AG) were prepared from Agaricus blazei cultured in the medium fortified with the roots of Pueraria spp. by repeated extraction with hot water, gel filtration chromatography and DEAE ion exchange chromatography. Oligosaccharides (AO) were derived from the hydrolysis of AG by an endo-$\beta$-(1$\rightarrow$6)-glucanase from Bacillus megaterium. The anti-HT-29 human colon cancer activity of AG or AO was investigated using MTT assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, and cDNA microairay. AG and AO both inhibited proliferation and growth of HT-29 cells, and stimulated apoptosis of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cell cycle analysis, treating HT-29 cells with AG or AO resulted in the increase of cells in the G0 (sub-G1) and G1 phase. Especially, AO was more effective in inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest than AG. To screen the genes involved in the increase of apoptosis, the gene expression profile of the HT-29 cells treated with AO was examined by cDNA microarray. While several genes involved in cell cycle progression (CCND2 and CDK2) were down-regulated, many genes involved in apoptosis (TNFSF9, TNFRSF9, FADD, CASP8, BAD, CRADD, CASP9 etc), cell cycle inhibitor (CDKN2A), immune response (IL6, IL18, IL6R etc), and tumor suppressor (CEACAM1, TP53BP2, IRF1, and PHB) were up-regulated. These results suggest that AO could inhibit the proliferation and growth of HT-29 cells by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2013

${\beta}$-Glucan type oligomers which have angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity were isolated and characterized from Capsosiphon fulvescens. After C. fulvescens was hydrolysis with Alcalase at $50^{\circ}C$, supernatant was harvested and separated with ultrafiltration membrane (MWCO 2 kDa). Oligomers which were less than 2 kDa of molecular weight were harvested for characterization. The nutrient composition of Alcalase hydrolysate was 89.9% carbohydrate, 4.2% protein and 5.9% sulfate. After ultrafiltration, the nutrient composition of oligomers was changed to 99.88% carbohydrate, 0.07% protein and 0.05% sulfate. The carbohydrate composition of oligomer was glucose (97.2%) and mannose (1.5%). The ACE inhibitory activities of Alcalase hydrolysate and oligomer were 72.1% and 82%, respectively. The molecular weight of oligomer was about 1 kDa. The oligomer was analyzed with FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR and methylation. The oligomers were ${\beta}$-1,3-glucans with ${\beta}$-(1,3)-linked glucose units.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.683-686
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• 2008

$\beta$-Glucans, which were isolated from sangwhang (Phellinus linteus), were subjected to reductive amination and the biological properties of the derivative were investigated. The degree of substitution of the aminated sangwhang $\beta$-glucan was calculated by elemental analysis to be 1.13. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) experiments showed that the aminated derivative increased nitric oxide production. In addition, the amination enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activities against HT1080 and SNU-C2A cell lines. Thus, the aminated derivative is shown to enhance immune systems by the incorporation of amino groups into the polymer structure.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.644-650
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• 1999

A normal and a waxy hull-less barley with similar ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were selected, and the effects of ${\beta}-glucans$ on rheological and pasting properties were investigated by using their flour extracts and isolated ${\beta}-glucan$ gum materials. ${\beta}-Glucans$ in the barley cultivars were extracted in a crude form with alkaline extraction, and the waxy hull-less barley produced more ${\beta}-glucan$ gum yield. The waxy barley also showed higher viscosities of water and alkaline flour extracts, compared to the normal barley. Both normal and waxy barley ${\beta}-glucan$ gums exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior, and increasing ${\beta}-glucan$ concentration increased viscosity in a similar manner. The normal barley flour had a higher amylograph peak viscosity than did waxy barley flour. On the other hand, waxy barley flour with treatment of $HgCl_2$ demonstrated considerably higher increase in peak viscosity. Pasting characteristics of normal and waxy barley starches in the presence of ${\beta}-glucan$ gum solutions were tested using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA). ${\beta}-Glucan$ gums increased the pasting viscosities of the barley starches, and the synergistic increase in viscosity appeared to be higher in the normal barley starch.

• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the $\beta$-glucan contents and their characteristics of winter cereals according to particle sizes and milling recoveries. Sieved fractions differed in their average contents of $\beta$-glucans, and the coarse fraction had higher contents of $\beta$-glucan than finely milled fractions. In all winter cereals, the $\beta$-glucan contents of raw flours were higher than those of their brans, and the highest $\beta$-glucan contents of every cereals were observed at 100 mesh > or 100-140 mesh fractions except the Chalssalbori fractions which showed the higest $\beta$-glucan contents (12.9%) at 140-200 mesh fraction. As compared with the $\beta$-glucan content of Chalbori among the various milling recoveries, the $\beta$-glucan was distributed more evenly throughout the endosperm but $\beta$-glucan content in bran of Chalbori was only 1.5%. However, $\beta$-glucan content of Chalssalbori (hull-less waxy barley) was the highest in the subaleurone region (8.2%) and declined slightly toward inner layers of grain. This results suggest that $\beta$-glucan distribution between high (Chalbori) and low $\beta$-glucan barley (Chalssalbori) may explain the difference in milling performance of barley. On the other hand, $\beta$-glucan contents of two rye varieties (Chilbohomil, Chunchoohomil) were lower than those of two waxy barley varieties, and the higest $\beta$-glucan contents were observed at the 60% milling recoveries. In all winter cereals, the L-values (lightness) of raw flours were higher than those of brans. And the L-values of barley varieties were higher than those of oat and rye varieties. As the particle sizes and milling recovery ratios were decreased, the L-value were increased. The a-values (redness) in brans of every winter cereals were higher than those of every particle size flours and every milling ratio fractions, and this tendency was observed in the b-values (yellowness) of every particle size of cereal flours. The L and b-value of barley, the b-value of oat, and L, a, b-value of rye have the significant relationship with the $\beta$-glucan contents, respectively. This results represent the fact that $\beta$-glucans affected the color of the flours and pounded grains of winter cereals.