In this paper, we proposed a method to automatically determine the optimal radius through multi-scale LBP operation generalizing the size of radius variation and boosting learning in facial emotion recognition. When we looked at the distribution of features vectors, the most common was $LBP_{8.1}$ of 31% and sum of $LBP_{8.1}$ and $LBP_{8.2}$ was 57.5%, $LBP_{8.3}$, $LBP_{8.4}$, and $LBP_{8.5}$ were respectively 18.5%, 12.0%, and 12.0%. It was found that the patterns of relatively greater radius express characteristics of face well. In case of normal and anger, $LBP_{8.1}$ and $LBP_{8.2}$ were mainly distributed. The distribution of $LBP_{8.3}$ is greater than or equal to the that of $LBP_{8.1}$ in laugh and surprise. It was found that the radius greater than 1 or 2 was useful for a specific emotion recognition. The facial expression recognition rate of proposed multi-scale LBP method was 97.5%. This showed the superiority of proposed method and it was confirmed through various experiments.

This paper presents an adaptive image interpolation method using a pixel-based neighbor embedding which is modified from the patch-based neighbor embedding of contemporary super resolution algorithms. Conventional interpolation methods for high resolution detect at least 16-directional edges in order to remove zig-zaging effects and selectively choose the interpolation strategy according to the direction and value of edge. Thus, they require much computation and high complexity. In order to develop a simple interpolation method preserving edge's directional shape, the proposed algorithm adopts the simplest Haar wavelet and suggests a new pixel-based embedding scheme. First, the low-quality image but high resolution, magnified into 1 octave above, is acquired using an adaptive 8-directional interpolation based on the high frequency coefficients of the wavelet transform. Thereafter, the pixel embedding process updates a high resolution pixel of the magnified image with the weighted sum of the best matched pixel value, which is searched at its low resolution image. As the results, the proposed scheme is simple and removes zig-zaging effects without any additional process.

Buyer-seller watermarking protocol is defined as the practice of imperceptible altering a digital content to embed a message using watermarking in the encryption domain. This protocol is acknowledged as one kind of copyright protection techniques in electronic commerce. Buyer-seller watermarking protocol is fundamentally based on public-key cryptosystem that is operating using the algebraic property of an integer. However, in general usage, digital contents which are handled in watermarking scheme mostly exist as real numbers in frequency domain through DCT, DFT, DWT, etc. Therefore, in order to use the watermarking scheme in a cryptographic protocol, digital contents that exist as real number must be transformed into integer type through preprocessing beforehand. In this paper, we presented a new watermarking scheme in an encrypted domain in an image that is based on the block-DCT framework and homomorphic encryption method for buyer-seller watermarking protocol. We applied integral-processing in order to modify the decimal layer. And we designed a direction-adaptive watermarking scheme by analyzing distribution property of the frequency coefficients in a block using JND threshold. From the experimental results, the proposed scheme was confirmed to have a good robustness and invisibility.

The corpus callosum is the largest part of the brain, which is related to many neurological diseases. Snake model or active contour model is widely used in medical image processing field, especially image segmentation they look into the nearby edge, localizing them accurately. In this paper, corpus callosum segmentation using the snake model, is proposed. We tested a snake model on brain MRI. Then we compared the result with an active shape approach and found that snake model had better segmentation accuracy also faster than active shape approach.

In this paper we suggest a new two-wheelers detection algorithm using local cell features. The first, we propose new feature vector matrix extraction algorithm using the correlation two cells based on local cell histogram and shifting from the result of histogram of oriented gradients(HOG). The second, we applied new weighting values which are calculated by the modified histogram intersection showing the similarity of two cells. This paper applied the Adaboost algorithm to make a strong classification from weak classification. In this experiment, we can get the result that the detection rate of the proposed method is higher than that of the traditional method.

We propose an algorithm which detects the touch of the fingertip on a general wall using the shadow information. Nowadays, there is a demand for presentation systems which can perceive the presenter's action so that the presenter can use natural movements without extra interface hardware. One of the most fundamental techniques in this area is the detection of the fingertip and the recognition of the touch of the fingertip on the screen. The proposed algorithm recognizes the touch of the fingertip without using the depth information, and therefore needs no depth or touch sensing devices. The proposed method computes the convex hull points of both the fingertip and the shadow of the fingertip, and then computes the distance between those points to decide whether a touch event has occured. Using the proposed method, it is possible to develop a new projector device which can perceive a fingertip touch on a general wall.

A smartphone has very limited input methods regardless of its various functions. In this respect, it is one alternative that sensor motion recognition can make intuitive and various user interface. In this paper, we recognize user's motion using acceleration sensor, magnetic field sensor, and gyro sensor in smartphone. We try to reduce sensing error by gradient descent algorithm because in single sensor it is hard to obtain correct data. And we apply vector quantization by conversion of rotation displacement to spherical coordinate system for elevated recognition rate and recognition of small motion. After vector quantization process, we recognize motion using HMM(Hidden Markov Model).

Existing LDA uses the transform matrix that maximizes distance between classes. So we have to convert from an image to one-dimensional vector as training vector. However, in 2D-LDA, we can directly use two-dimensional image itself as training matrix, so that the classification performance can be enhanced about 20% comparing LDA, since the training matrix preserves the spatial information of two-dimensional image. However 2D-LDA uses same calculation schema for transformation matrix and therefore both LDA and 2D-LDA has the heteroscedastic problem which means that the class classification cannot obtain beneficial information of spatial distances of class clusters since LDA uses only data correlation-based covariance matrix of the training data without any reference to distances between classes. In this paper, we propose a new method to apply training matrix of 2D-LDA by using WPS-LDA idea that calculates the reciprocal of distance between classes and apply this weight to between class scatter matrix. The experimental result shows that the discriminating power of proposed 2D-LDA with weighted between class scatter has been improved up to 2% than original 2D-LDA. This method has good performance, especially when the distance between two classes is very close and the dimension of projection axis is low.

WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) provides not only fairness among traffic flows in using bandwidth but also guarantees the Quality of Service (QoS) that individual flow requires, which is why it has been applied to the resource reservation protocol (RSVP)-capable router. The RSVP allocates an enough resource to satisfy both the rate and end-to-end delay requirements of the flow in the condition of no packet loss, and the WFQ scheduler guarantees those QoS requirements with the allocated resource. In practice, however, most QoS-guaranteed services allow a degree of packet loss, especially from 0.1% to 3% for Voice over IP. This paper discovers that the packet loss rate of each traffic flow is determined by only its time-stamp adjustment value, and then enhances the WFQ to provide a differentiated packet loss guarantee under general traffic conditions in terms of both traffic characteristics and QoS requirements. The performance evaluation showed that the proposed WFQ could increase the utilization of bandwidth by 8~11%.

Recently, smart devices has been spreaded and the definition of RFID/USN(Radio Frequency Identification/Ubiquitous Sensor Network) technology has also extended. So, originally, human is an agent of communications but now, 'the things' are also an agent of communication. That is, Internet of Things(IoT). IoT is very big IT infra technology that is based on wire-wireless network technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. However, in reality, IoT service that can provide various meaning and integrate smoothly is not appear yet. To solve these problems of IoT, we implemented Publish/Subscribe system, which operate in Zigbee based wireless sensor network by using MQTT-SN protocol. Moreover, this system can operate with combining MQTT system that is already existed in external Internet network so, extensibility and flexibility aspect is excellent. We show that possibility of IoT services that is combined between different heterogeneous network through the MQTT-SN.

A public restroom is different from a household toilet in terms of location and a large number of sharing users. In addition, public restroom is usually messy and filthy. Recently, public toilet tends to be clearly managed than before, but it still has hygienic and clear problems. In this paper, we propose a machine-to-machine (M2M)-based public restroom management system to solve these problems, in which the system with a wireless communication device sends the status information of the toilet, such as blockage or trouble detected by a sensor, to the manager of the restroom at a remote location. In particular, we have developed a prototype management system for public restroom taking into account several system requirements, and verified the basic operations and performance of the management system. With the application of the system to public facilities, it will furnish users with more pleasant environments by restroom administrators who can respond effectively to the troubled toilet.

Recently, Industry 4.0 (next generation industrial revolution) designed by Germany to retain initiative in manufacturing business is actively studied. Goal of Industry 4.0 is 'Smart factory' which manages progress of production, supply logistics and services. To achieve the goal, we can construct value creation and new business model by integrating organically with production management systems which is existing and cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things, Services Internet and sensor, etc. However, if integration with production management systems does not work effectively by adding and developing new technologies, It does not have performance. Hence, in this research, we will analysis Industry 4.0 which is possible for small quantity batch production and one of the light and flexible manufacturing systems, and based on this, we will suggest methodology to horizontally integrate with production management systems.

Since smartphones are utilized in the ranges from personal usages to governmental data exchanges, known but not patched vulnerabilities in smartphone operating systems are considered as major threats to the public. To minimize potential security breaches on smartphones, it is necessary to estimate possible security threats. So far, there have been numerous studies conducted to evaluate the security risks caused by mobile devices qualitatively, but there are few quantitative manners. For a large scale risk evaluation, a qualitative assessment is a never ending task. In this paper, we try to calculate relative risk levels triggered by software vulnerabilities from unsecured smartphone operating systems (Android and iOS) among 51 Asian countries. The proposed method combines widely accepted risk representation in both theory and industrial fields. When policy makers need to make a strategic decision on mobile security related agendas, they might find the presented approach useful.

This study will examine the consolidation that is occurring in the shipping industry and its effects on Busan's status as a key transshipment hub in Southeast Asia as well as what measures the port must implement to attract transshipment traffic. With this in mind heading forward, trends in transshipment cargo, problems facing the port, as well as the current status of transshipment volumes at the Port of Busan must be fully understood so that thorough research can be done into appropriate measures to stimulate growth and attract cargo traffic. In this study, We analyze the current problems and status of transshipment cargo at Busan Port and factors affecting the competitiveness of transshipment cargo at Busan New Port, Korea's key import/export gateway, have been examined. We show the Strategies to Attract Transshipment Cargo at the Busan New Port which is to become a an optimal transshipment port, a port's internal environment including the scale and location of its hinterland, facilities and tariffs as well as the external environment including global networks and logistics IT management must be carefully considered as they are all key actors affecting cargo volumes.

After 2011, with the spread of smart devices, large interfaces using the architectural space elements here and there in the cities. Recently the desire for the data has increased, and, following the increase of the range of use by the users, the communication utilizing various forms of interfaces is expected to become more active. In the past, certain range of architecture or parts of the facilities were as the interfaces, but, recently, the development of media technology and the display of various contents forced the utilization of many elements of architectural space in the interface aspects that were not used in the past. Accordingly, the research compare the relationship of the purpose, media environments, interface technology, data form and so on and consider the characteristic of what elements of architectural space are used in order to analyze the characteristic of interfaces used in digital art works. Especially,the research will consider the possibility of commercializing the trends in the interfaces of digital art works in the mediation region of city information services, and propose how to apply such possibility.

This paper presents to design User eXperience(UX) of anthropomorphic animal characters search system (hereinafter, AACSS) for efficient user search. To this end, meta data were utilized herein to elevate the search efficiency of multimedia information and text information. Anthropomorphic animal characters require the human elements and the animal elements, thus this paper extracted the key elements of meta data as below; phenotypic element in animal system classification (Morphologic property elements, Ecological property elements, Behavioral property elements), emotion classification, which is the trait of personification and the Step of Anthropomorphic Animal Characters.

Although the process about korea image restoration contents program development and liberalization have cultural and artistic worth, it is not possible to restore technically or cost enormous expense. In the study, it suggest the needs of korea image restoration contents program development through image restoration case. It is revitalize that the study in digital image restoration technical prepare the ground for passing high-qualities cultural legacy by restoring classical film. We think the development of korea image restoration software will strengthen the basis to the new creation industry of high value-added in the global cultural prosperity industry.