Objective : The objective of this study was to explore the meaning of Mai (脉) in the fifteen letters provisions of Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun through the comparative analysis of 10 cases and paleography. Methods : We have collected 10 cases that have been diagnosed and treated by Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun Mai (脉) provision. And then, comparative analysis has been done among those 10 cases. Based on result of case analysis, paleographic meaning of each Mai (脉) have been studied to redefine Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun Mai (脉)'s meaning. Results : After administration of Mai (脉) provision's herbal medicine, all 10 patients recovered their mobility problem and pain. From this result, we could fomulate the hypothesis that Mai (脉) in Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun could mean mobility problems. After through further paleography studies, we could elaborate each Mai (脉)'s clinical meaning and related diseases. Conclusions : Mai (脉) in Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun could mean mobility problems caused by various diseases, which include musculoskeletal pain, neuropathy, syncope, fatigue, developmental disability and major depressive disorder.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of Shanghanlun for neuropsychiatric disorders through a comparative review of five neuropsychiatric disorder cases diagnosed with Greater yin disease pattern/syndrome (太陰病). Methods : We collected and compared five neuropsychiatric cases diagnosed and treated with Greater yin disease pattern/syndrome (太陰病) from four korean medicine clinics. Clinical symptoms common to the five cases were analyzed by connecting them with Shanghanlun provision 273 and 279. Results : In all five cases, the improvement of chief complaints and decrease in general anxiety were observed after administration of Gyejigajakyak-tang (桂枝加芍薬湯) and Gyejigadaehwang-tang (圭支加大黃湯). In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and physical symptoms that are mentioned in Shanghanlun provision 273 and 279 were confirmed in all five cases. Conclusions : We not only reconfirmed that the core features of Greater yin disease pattern/syndrome(太陰病) proposed in previous studies; zi-tong (自痛), yin-er (因爾), jie-ying (結硬), but also that the physical symptoms associated with fu-man (腹満), tu (吐) and zi-li (自利) were common in the presenting symptoms and past histories of the five patients.

Objectives : This study reports on the cases of four ADHD patients who treated with herbal medication based on Disease Pattern Identification Diagnostic System (DPIDS). Methods : Two children and two adults were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-V, and Galgeunhwangryeonhwanggeum-tang was administered. The parents of the two children completed the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) before and after treatment, while the other patients used the Korean ADHD Self Rating Scale (K-ASRS). The patients' somatic symptoms and other issues were evaluated through interviews. Results : In the first case, the K-ARS scale exhibited a change from 28 to 3. The patient demonstrated improvements in attention, concentration, and social behavior, along with the elimination of self-injurious behavior. In the second case, the K-ARS scale showed a change from 41 to 9. The patient in the third case demonstrated improved chronic fatigue, increased attention, work efficiency, and enhanced social skills, leading to maintaining employment for over six months for the first time in their life after the treatments. Additionally, the patient in the fourth case demonstrated improved work concentration and relief in nocturia. Conclusions : In this study, four patients exhibited improvements in symptoms of attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity before and after herbal treatment, leading to enhanced academic and social relationships. As the patients progressed in their health restoration, symptoms related to the genitourinary system also showed improvement.

Objective : The objective of this study is to explore the meaning of 弦 in Shanghanlun through analyzing two cases. Methods : Two cases treated with modified Soshiho-tang, which is administrated when 弦 aggravates chief complaints, were analyzed. All of the cases were diagnosed by disease pattern identification diagnostic system based on Shanghanlun Provisions. Results : The patients' chief complaints of all 2 cases were improved after administration of modified Soshiho-tang. As pulling symptom was reduced in all 2 cases, patients' disease were relieved. Through the etymological research and clinical treatment results, the clinical meaning of 弦 is deduced as 'pulling'. Conclusions : The etymological and clinical analysis suggest that the concept of '弦' maybe defined as 'pulling' in Shanghanlun.

Objective : We Explored the meaning of the 厥逆 in Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun through two cases. Methods : We analyzed the original form of 厥逆 and the contexts in Shanghanlun. At the same time, we analyzed 2 clinical cases treated with 大靑龍湯 (Daecheongryong-tang) according to the newly deduced definition of 厥逆. Results : 厥逆 can be interpreted as 'Being indulged and indigestive'. We analyzed the cases and found that both cases were related to eating disorder even though their chief complaints were different. We also found that 大靑龍湯 was effective for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Conclusions : 厥逆 is symptoms of reflux in human body such as, gastroesophageal reflux disease, as a result of concentration or indulgence. We analyzed the two cases with DSM-5 and found that the two cases also can be diagnosed with eating disorder along with the provision (38條, 大靑龍湯). We found out the possibility of correlation between eating disorder and 38條, however, more advanced clinical studies are needed in the future.

Objective: To report a chronic cough that has improved after administering the Gyejigahubakhaengja-tang using Shanghanlun DPIDS(disease pattern identification diagnostic system). Methods: Chronic cough patient who occurred after COVID-19 was presumed to be diagnosed with cough variant asthma. After that, it was diagnosed as Taeyang-byung, number 43 provision according to Shanghanlun DPIDS, and the result of taking the Gyejigahubakhaengja-tang for 30 days was evaluated as VAS (visual analogue scale) and LCQ (leicester cough questionnaire). Results: After taking Gyejigahubakhaengja-tang for 30 days, chronic cough decreased from VAS 10 to VAS 1. The LCQ increased from 24 to 122. Conclusions: For chronic cough patients, 喘 at Shanghanlun DPIDS can be considered as the cause.

Objective: This is the result of a study on patients with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the talus whose pain was improved by Gamchobuja-tang (GBT). Methods: The patient took GBT for 46 days. We observed the progress of symptoms, patient compliances and side effects. Quality of life related to pain was quantified through the SF-36 and AQoL-6D questionnaires. The degree of pain in the talus and ankle areas was quantified using VAS and observed through the symptoms and frequency complained of by the patient. Results: According to the DPIDS, the patient was diagnosed with the 175 provision in Taeyangbing chestbind (大陽病 結胸). As a result, SF-36 score increased from 36 points to 74 points, and the AQoL-6D score increased from 74 points to 104 points. The visual analogue scale (VAS) of ankle pain lowered from 9 to 2. The number of days with VAS levels 1 also increased. Conclusions: Gamchobuja-tang is effective in reducing pain in the talus area caused by osteochondritis dissecans..

Objective : This study reports a case of chronic Bartholin's cyst treated with Sosiho-tang and suggests a modifying method. Methods : We reviewed a 41-year-old female patient with fatigue accompanied by chronic Bartholin's cyst. Symptomatic changes were checked on every visit using SF-12 (Short-form-12 health survey) and VAS (Visual analogue scale). The 104^th provision in Shanghanlun was compared with diagnosis and process analysis. Results : The modified Sosiho-tang removed Scutellariae Radix and used Phlomidis Radix of the same weight. The exacerbation factors were characterized with excessive activity (大), Edema and swelling of the foot (滿), Feeling tired in morning (朝) in 104th provision. After 45 days modified Sosiho-tang and 15 days Sosiho-tang, SF-12 and VAS ameliorated. No adverse effects was observed to the last follow-up visit. Conclusions : Modified sisiho-tang and Sosiho-tang were effective to the patient. Clinical application of 104^th provision of Shanghanlun can consider excessive activity, edema, and morning fatigue.