Objectives This paper was tried to find out Dongmu Lee Je-ma's concept about the exterior disease and the interior disease. Methods The study was researched as bibliologically with Dongmu Lee Je-ma's writings such as "Dongyi Suse Bowon Sasang Chobongyun", "Dongyi Suse Bowon" written in 1894, "Dongyi Suse Bowon" published in 1901 Results and Conclusion The conclusions were as follows 1. In Dongmu Lee Je-ma's book, There are no clear definition about the concept of the exterior disease and the interior disease. 2. At Dongmu's early works, the exterior disease and the interior disease were classified by the cause and the region of a disease. On the other hand, That wewe reclassified by the characteristic of Constitutional symptoms at "Dongyi Suse Bowon" published in 1901 3. In Dongmu Lee Je-ma's concept, If men is damaged the exterior Qi(表氣), he will be sick 'he exterior disease'. The other hand, If men is damaged the interior Qi(裏氣), he will be sick 'the interior disease'.

Puporse This study is intended to distinct of Taeumin chungsimyeonjatang on the Shinchukpan Dongyi Suse Bowon through compare with early books' prescription by studying use of Sanyak and Yeonjayuk. Method This study is reserch to use of Sanyak and Yeonjayuk in early books, Dongyi Suse Bowon-Sasang-chobonkyeon, Gapobon Dongyi Suse Bowon, Shinchukpan Dongyi Suse Bowon and Dongyibogam, Taepyungheymin-hwajegukbang in sequence of date. with this, we study a base of virtue of Taeumin chungsimyeonjatang. Result and conclusion 1. Taeumin chungsimyeonjatang is a prescription of treatment Gonscratia and CVA. 2. Taeumin chungsimyeonjatang is base on Chungsimyeonjaum in Dongyibogam. 3. The chief virtue of Taeumin chungsimyeonjatang is accord with all prescription after 1894's Gapobon Dongyi Suse Bowon.

After studying the theory of JangBu(臟腑), that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, in Sasang Constitutional Medicine, the author could draw a conclusion as these. 1. The basic thought of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is emphatic on the human beings itself unlike the idea of traditional Oriental Medicine, that accentuate the universe.(The traditional Oriental Medicine has a concept that the human beings follows the order of universe, but Sasang Constitutional Medicine has a different idea that human beings has the free will to the universe and newly comprehend the relationships between human beings and universe.) 2. Like the preceding, the theory of JangBu(臟腑), the physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, is based on the autonomic mechanisms of human body itself. 3. The medical philosophy of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is Sasang(四象), that is Sa(事), Sim(心), Sin(身) and Mul(物). This Sasang is a classification of universe include human beings.(Sa(事) is event, Sim(心) is mind, Sin(身) is body, and Mul(物) is things. these four elements express the universe and human.) 4. The JangBu(臟腑) theory of Sasang Constitutional Medicine regard mind condition as important. The mind condition is divided into two factors. The one is Seong(性) the other is Jeong(情). The Seong(性) is an attitude toward the world, and the Jeong(情) is response to the stimulation from the world. 5. By the actions of Seong(性) and Jeong(情), the human body has different JangBu(臟腑) function, so the human body can be grouped in four constitutions. 6. Because of emphasis on mind condition, the Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory has activism of human beings itself. 7. This activismor practical philosophy of Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory, that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, gave birth to ethics or morality in Medical philosophy, that the human practice of ethics or morality bring a health and well being of human body.

1. Purpose Between "HamsanSachon Dongyi Suse Bowon GaboGubon" and ShinChukbon "Dongyi Suse Bowon", there are many differences and changes of contents. It is due to the changes of Dong-Mu's recognition about symptoms. Therefore, this study will aim to compare constitutional symptoms of Soyangin's with Taeumin's about sweating and pissing. 2. Methods In ShinChukbon "Dongyi Suse Bowon", I found contents about sweating and pissing, and compared constitutional symptoms of Soyangin's with Taeumin's about sweating and pissing. 3. Result and Conclusion 1) In ShinChukbon "Dongyi Suse Bowon", I concluded that Soyangin who has interior disease may piss lesser than Soyangin who has ordinary symptoms. Otherwise, Taeumin who has interior disease may piss more than Taeumin who has ordinary symptoms. 2) In ShinChukbon "Dongyi Suse Bowon", I concluded that Soyangin who has interior disease sweats more than Soyangin who has ordinary symptoms. Otherwise, Taeumin who has interior disease may sweat lesser than Taeumin who has ordinary symptoms. 3) The results of this study was to compare Soyangin with Taeumin on ShinChukbon "Dongyi Suse Bowon". More studies are demanded in other writings of Dong-Mu's.

1. Objects of Research This research is purposed to find Dong-mu's thought on Pharmacology, through summarizing sentences related to pharmacology proposed in the chief writings on Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2. Methods of Research It was researched bibliologically with Dong-mu's chief medical writings such as "Dongyi Suse Bowon Sasang Chobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷)", "Dong-mu's posthumos work(東武遺藁)", "Dongyi Suse Bowon(東醫壽世保元)". 3. Results and Conclusions 1. The grouping criteria according to the constitution proposed in "Dongyi Suse Bowon Sasang Chobongyun" is 'Spreading Outside' 'Hardening Inside' 'Cooling Organ' 'Warming Inside', but the grouping of medical herbs according to the constitution is yet not accomplished, and medical herbs is comprehended on base of effectiveness as like existing oriental medicine. 2. The grouping criteria according to the constitution proposed in "Dong-mu's posthumos work"is 'Spreading Choking Raising Lowering' and 'Perfume Smell Fluid Taste', and medical herbs is comprehended on base of effectiveness as like "Chobongyun", and the example on mixing of the herb classified according to the constitution is showed. 3. The medical herbs are comprehended on the basis of how to effect on treatment of constitutional disease, and the principle that it's not to mix of the herb classified according to the constitution is proposed in "Dongyi Suse Bowon". 4. The pharmacology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is accomplished after it is modified many ti mes through clinic experience for a long time. 5. The pharmacology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine in the early period, is to comprehend herbs on the basis of how to complement 'Spreading Gathering Raising Lowering' of 'Small-Organ(偏小之臟)' according 'Qi-Mei(氣味)' and effectiveness, but that in the late period is to comprehend herbs on the basis of how to complement or to control 'Small-Organ(偏小之臟)' and 'Large Organ(偏大之臟)'.

Purpose This study is to find the characteristics of voice quality based on the classifying the sound characteristics and B.M.I. by Sasang Constitution. Methods To make the notion of the consensus of Sasang Constitution's Voice, classification into 4 categories was made: clear/hoarse, high/low, powerful/powerless, fast/slow. Result The voice quality of Soyangin group was classified as powerful and fast, and that of Taeumin group was classified as powerful and hoarse and low, and that of Soeumin group was classified as powerless and clear. The mean B.M.I. of Soeumin group was classified as 21.4, and that of Taeumin group was classified as 26.3. Conclusion 1. Taeumin was significantly high compared with Soeumin in B.M.I. 2. It can be classified as Taeumin when B.M.I. is high(26.3). 3. It can be classified as Soeumin when B.M.I. is low(21.4). 4. The voice quality of Soyangin group was classified as clear and fast, or strong and clear, and that of Taeumin group as powerful and hoarse, and that of Soeumin group as powerless and low.

This study was prepared to investigate the correlation between Sasang constitutional groups and voice characteristics using voice analysis system(in this study, CSL). I focused on the voice characteristics in terms of harmonics, Formant frequency and Formant Bandwidth. The subjects were 71 males. I classified them into three groups, that is Soeumin group, Soyangin group and Taeumin group. The classification method of Constitution used two ways, QSCCII(Questionnarie for the Sasang Constitution Classification II) and Interview with a specialist in Sasang Constitution. So 71 people were categorized into 31 Soeumin(people), 18 Soyangin(people) and 22 Taeumin(people). Pitch is approximately similar to the fundamental frequency(F0) in voices. Shimmer in dB gives an evaluation of the period-to-period variability of the peak-to-peak amplitude within the analyzed voice sample. FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) method in CSL can display sampled voices into harmonics. H1 is the first peak and h2 is the second peak in the harmonics. The amplitude difference of h1 and h2(h1-h2) can be explained as the speaker's phonation type, And Formant frequency and bandwidth can be explained as the speaker's vocal tract. So I checked the harmonics and Formant frequency and Bandwidth as the voice parameters. First I have captured /e/ voices from all subjects using microphone. And then I analyzed /e/ voices with CSL. Power Spectrum and Formant History is the menu in the CSL which can display harmonics and Formant frequency and bandwidth. The results about the correlation between Sasang Constitutional Groups and voice parameters are as follows; 1. There is no significant amplitude difference of harmonics(h1-h2) among three groups. 2. There is the significant difference between Soeumin Group and Soyangin Group in Formant Frequency 1 and Formant Bandwidth 1(p<0.05). Any other parameters have no significance. I assume that Soyangin Group has clearer and brighter voice than Soeumin Group according to the Formant Bandwidth difference. And I think its result has coincidence with the context of "Dongyi Suse Bowon" and "Sasangimhejinam".

Since recent development of questionnaire for Sasang constitution, many researches have followed it to verify statistical significancy. However, a few problems about validity of some questionnaires were discovered later on due to the lack of researches about it. Firstly, some questionnaires have different meaning from that of the original Dongyi Suse Bowon. Secondly, belief on statistical significancy sometimes misleads the questions for a certain Sasang constitution to be used for a different Sasang constitution. Thirdly, profound concepts of original Dongyi Suse Bowon are sometimes abandoned or ignored in the excuse of low statistical significancy. Fourthly, it is still difficult to identify Sasang constitution of Taeyangin due to lack of population, sample, and questions. The purpose of this thesis is to minimize the problems related with interpretation and fitness of the questionnaires. The author developed a questionnaire of 48 questions and surveyed with it over 200 patients who visited Jeon-ju Woosuk hospital. This research resulted in a bit of resolution of the problems through statistical comparison between the survey and clinical analysis.

Objectives To study on the relation between Sasang constitution and obesity and that of obese patient's clinical symptom. Methods The subjects were 129 female patients to visit to diet. The subjects were 129 female patients to diet who answered questionnaire QSCC II and were diagnosed by the Sasang constitution from May to December in 2001 at Nara oriental medical clinic. Results 1. Of obese patients 79.1% were Taeumin, 11.6% Soeumin, and 9.3% Soyangin. 2. A relation of a grade of obesity and Sasang constitution. 2-1) 45.8% of the obese patients were high level obesity who had over 35% of body fat. Out of these people, 91.5% were Taeumin. 2-2) 40.3% of the obese patients weight hip ratio was between 0.84 to 0.89 and 84.6% of these people were proved to be Taeumin. 2-3) 39.2% of the people who had a minimum weight hip ratio of 0.90 were significantly Taeumin, 6.7% Soeumin and 16.6% Soyangin. 2-4) 65.7% of Taeumin were obese patients. 3. Obesity treatment with constitution. 3-1) 59.8% of Taeumin were Pyo-zng patients. 3-2) As treatment periods tended to increase, Taeumin and Soeumin patients showed a large decling of body fat, whereas Soeumin patients showed the opposite reaction. 3-3) The weight hip ratio was led by Taeumin with 0.03 and then came Soeumin and Soyangin with a 0.02 ratio. As treatment was taken into process longer Taeumin patients showed a great progress in decreasing their weight hip ratios. 4. Costitutional related symptom with Obesity. 4-1) Taeumin was followed by Soyangin and then Soeumin in family history. 4-2) Soeumin was followed by Taeumin, then Soyangin when complain of physical fatigue was taken into consideration. 4-3) The ordinary exercise was led by Soyangin, Taeumin then Soeumin. 4-4) People who receive stress turned out to be 72.9% much higher than the people who don't. 4-5) Overeating due to stress was found in 83.3% of Soyangin.

Objectives This paper was designed for studying the features of digestion according to Sasang Constitution and to be helpful to make a diagnosis Sasang Constitution. Using the result of this study, it will be helpful to diagnose a Sasang constitution. Methods There were 588 patients(248 men, 340 women) who answered questionnaire and were diagnosed by the Sasang Constitution Specialist at Constitutional Clinic of Dongguk Bundang Oriental Hospital. Using the response of questionnaire and several statistical techniques such as homogeneity test and multiple comparison, we tried to find the characteristics of each constitution depending on its dining behavior. Results As a result of the analysis of questionnaire, Taeumin and Soyangin answered to 'Because digestion is well, I overeat frequently' many more than Soeumin(p<0.01). Soeumin answered to 'When I eat cold food or greasy food, it hardly digests' many more than Taeumin(p<0.05). Soeumin and Taeyangin answered to 'Because I have indigestion, I have suffered from infancy' many more than Taeumin(p<0.01). Soeumin answered to 'I have easily a digestive upset' many more than Taeumin(p<0.01). Soeumin answered to 'indigestion in case of paying attention' many more than Taeumin and Soyangin(p<0.01).

Yangkyuk-Sanhwa-Tang(YST) has been widely used as a formula for the Soyangin cerebral infarction (CI) patients according to Sasang constitutional philosophy. Brain cells produce cytokines and chemokines during the inflammatory process after stroke both in animal models and in patients. Previously, regulation of serum cytokine levels by YSThas been observed in individuals at the acute stage of CI disease, but there have not been other scientific investigations on YST. The author investigated the effect of YST on theproduction of various cytokines using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)from the Soyangin (CI) patients, and Soyangin normal group. The cytokine production was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The amount of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- in culture supernatant significantly increased in the LPS-treated cells compared with unstimulated-cells (P < 0.05). However, in LPS-stimulated PBMCs, cytokines level in CI patients group was higher than that of normal group. YST (1 mg/ml) significantly inhibited IL-1, IL-1, and IL-8 production in PBMCs stimulated with LPS (about 85% for IL-1, 87% for IL-1, and 53% for IL-8, P < 0.05), but did not significantly inhibit IL-6 and TNF- production in the CI patients group. We also show that YST significantly increased LPS-induced IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- production in the normal group. Thesedata suggest that YST has a regulatoryeffect on the cytokine production, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of CI.

To investigate the antioxidant capacity of traditional Korean herb medicines, water extracts from 42 species which has been used for the Taeum constitution of Sasang Medicine, were tested on their antioxidant activity using radical scavenging effects against ABTS. Some Of them showed strong antioxidant capacities at $50{\mu}g$ concentration. And, antioxidant capacities of 2 prescriptions extract of Sasang Medicine, Cheongsimyeonja-tang and Yeoldahanso-tang, in the different concentration ($10{\mu}g$, $50{\mu}g$, and $100{\mu}g$) were determined. At the same time, the antiperoxidation effects of these 2 prescriptions extract were determined. Lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates induced by NADPH and $ADF-Fe^{2+}$ was strongly inhibited by Cheongsimyeonja-tang in vitro. The above-mentioned 2 prescriptions are a potent antioxidant capacity and antiperoxidation activity, further investigation into the in vivo antioxidant therapeutic potential for treatment of human disorders in brain tissue.

Abdominal distention is a common condition, which usually results from over-eating, rather than from a serious illness. Abdominal distention is often caused by intestinal gas. Abdominal distention may also occasionally result from the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, which can be a sign of serious medical problems. This stroke patient has been abdominal distention without medical problems. So he was treated by Yuldahansotang(熱多寒少湯) and was improved not only activity daily life but also Abdominal distention.

Purpose The primary purpose of this case study is to report that a Taeumin patient diagnosed to Adrenoleukodystrophy was managed with Taeumin constitutional treatment. Subject A male patient diagnosed to Adrenoleukodystrophy that was treated Kyung-Hee Oriental Medicine. Result A Taeumin patients diagnosed to Adrenoleukodystrophy was treated with a herb-medicine and acupuncture treatment, and change of his subjective symptom & general condition was managed. Conclusion The consitutional treatment with herb-medicine and acupuncture may have an effect on Management of Adrenoleukodystrophy. Further study on management of this disease is needed.

We managed a Taeumin(太陰人) patient with pleural effusion due to heart failure. We diagnosed as Wiwan-suhan-pyohan-byung(胃完受寒表寒病), and treated with Jowiseungchungtang(調胃升淸湯), going with western medicinal management. His chief complaint was orthopnea, chest discomfort, cough. The state of patient was measured with patient's complaints and chest X-ray. We gained outstanding improvement on patient's chief complaints, but there was no particular change of chest x-ray until thoracentesis. In this case, it seems that cooperations of east-west medicine would be beneficial to treatment of patients.