Fig. 1. (a) N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms and (b) BJH desorption pore size distribution of the commercially available Pt/C catalyst.
Fig. 2. Hydrodynamic diameter of the 25 wt%, 3 wt% Nafion ionomer dispersed in water and PG.
Fig. 3. Surface morphology of the catalyst layers prepared with (a) water and (b) PG-based Nafion ionomers observed by SEM.
Fig. 4. I-V and HFR curves of MEAs prepared with different contents of PG-based ionomers in a single cell at 80 ℃ ((a), (b), 100% RH, (c), (d), 50% RH).
Fig. 5. HFR-corrected I-V polarization curves of MEAs prepared with water-based ionomer and PG-based ionomer in a single cell at 80 ℃ (a) 100% and (b) 50% RH.
Fig. 6. H2/N2 impedance for the measurement of proton transfer resistance in cathode catalyst layers under (a) 100% and (b) 50% RH.
Table 1. Specification of prepared MEAs
References
- Ohma, A., Mashio, T. Sato, K., Iden, H., Ono, Y., Sakai, K., Akizuki, K., Takaichi, S., Shinohara, K., "Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers for Reduction of Platinum Loading at Nissan," Electrochim. Acta, 56, 10832-10841(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.058
- Nonoyama, N., Okazaki, S., Weber, A.Z., Ikogi, Y., Yoshida, T., "Analysis of Oxygen-Transport Diffusion Resistance in Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., 158(4), B416-B423(2011). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3546038
- Owejan, J.P., Owejan, J.E., Gu, W., "Impact of Platinum Loading and Catalyst Layer Structure of PEMFC Performance," J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(8), F824-F833(2013). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.072308jes
- Kudo, K., Jinnouchi, R., Morimoto, Y., "Humidity and Temperature Dependences of Oxygen Transport Resistance of Nafion Thin Film on Platinum Electrode," Electrochim. Acta, 209, 682-690(2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.023
- Kinoshita, S., Shimohira, T., Watakabe, A., Hommura, S., Saito, S., Tanuma, T., Yamada, K., "Development of PFSA Ionomers and Their Use in Fuel Cells," ECS Transactions, 75(14), 575-580(2016). https://doi.org/10.1149/07514.0575ecst
- Shimizu, R., Park, Y. -C, Kakinuma, K., Iiyama, A., Uchida, M., "Effects of Both Oxygen Permeability and Ion Exchange Capacity for Cathode Ionomers on the Performance and Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., 165(6), F3063-F3071(2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0071806jes
- Kodama, K., Shinohara, A., Hasegawa, N., Shinozaki, K., Jinnouchi, R., Suzuki, T., Hatanaka, T., Morimoto Y., "Catalyst Poisoning Property of Sulfonimide Acid Ionomer on Pt(111) surface," J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(5), F649-F652(2014). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.051405jes
- Masuda, T., Sonsudin, F., Singh, P.R., Naohara, H., Uosaki, K., "Potential-Dependent Adsorption and Desorption of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer on a Platinum Electrode Surface Probed by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Atomic Force Microscopy," J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 15704-15709(2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp404376t
- Yarlagadda, V., Carpenter, M. K., Moylan, T. E., Kukreja, R. S., Koestner, R., Gu, W., Thompson, L., Kongkanand, A., "Boosting Fuel Cell Performance with Accessible Carbon Mesopores," ACS Energy Lett., 3, 618-621(2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00186
- Choi, B., Langlois, D.A., Mack, N., Johnston, C. M., Kim, Y. S., "The Effect of Cathode Structures on Nafion Membrane Durability," J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(12), F1154-F1162(2014). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0151412jes
- Kim, Y. S., Welch, C. F., Mack, N. H., Hjelm, R. P., Orler, E. B., Hawley, M. E., Lee, K. S., Yim, S.-D., Johnston, C. M., "Highly Durable Fuel Cell Eelctrodes Based on Ionomers Dispersed in Glycerol," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16, 5927-5932(2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00496E
- Kusoglu, A., Weber A. Z., "New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers," Chem. Rev., 117(3), 987-1104(2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159
- Welch, C., Labouriau, A., Hjelm, R., Orler, B., Johnston, C., Kim, Y. S., "Nafion in Dilute Solvent Systems: Dispersion or Solution?," ACS Macro Lett., 1(12) 1403-1407(2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/mz3005204
- Doo, G., Lee, J. H., Yuk, S., Choi, S., Lee, D. -H., Lee, D. W., Kim, H. G., Kwon, S. H., Lee, S. G., Kim, H. -T., "Tuning the Ionomer Distribution in the Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer with Scaling the Ionomer Aggregate Size in Dispersion," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 17835-17841(2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01751
- Holdcroft, S., "Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers: A Polymer Science Perspective," Chem. Mater., 26, 381-393(2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm401445h
- Makharia, R., Mathias, M. F. and Baker, D. R., "Measurement of Catalyst Layer Electrolyte Resistance in PEFCs Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy," J. Electrochem. Soc., 152(5), A970-A977(2005). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1888367