• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.343-363
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to determine the self-image of fathers who have younger children. For this purpose, this researcher conducted profound interviews with 6 fathers residing in P city who have young children in order to identify images that they were having about themselves. The interviews were conducted from Aug. 7th to 30th, 2012 over a total of 3 sessions for each of the subjects on the basis of 1 session a week and 1 or 1 and a half hours per session. The findings of this study showed that the subjects were having different self-images that could be largely classified into five categories, 'father who can't do for family as much as he wants', 'father who has not yet been successful', 'father who feels lonely under his own duty and responsibility, 'father who sacrifices himself for family' and 'father who is different from fathers of the past'. Based on the analysis and discussions of these findings, this study suggested how fathers having younger children should do to have a better image about themselves.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.125-137
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• 2009

This study reviews facts and trends of harmful environments in the last decade that negatively affected children's development. Younger children have been exposed to harmful media, drugs, facilities, and objects. A matter of chemical substances contaminating in-door air has become quite controversial, recently. In order to provide a better understanding of harmful environments against children, there are great needs for a survey covering all ages based on the clear definition of the term harmful environments, research identifying its causal effects on child development in the context of both parent-child and peer relationships, and a longitudinal study processing its effects in a life-span perspective. It is suggested that by providing parent education and a plenty of cultural facilities as social efforts to create sound family culture, psycho-social and physical environments of children are improved. Furthermore, legal regulations and supervision on harmful environments are needed to be strengthened.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is (1) to investigate how children's peer interaction type and joint problem-solving performance differ, depending on a partner's age, in such a situation as they are asked to solve problems with their peer and (2) to investigate relationship between children's peer interaction type and joint problem-solving performance. Results reveal that children's problem-solving performance receives more benefit in the interactions with older peers, rather than those with younger ones. It can also be improved by higher level of collaborative interactions such as abstract collaborative explanations in joint activities. It is influenced positively by collaborative interactions, expecially when the children are in the same age groups. Results here were discussed in terns Piagetian and Vygotskian theories.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.65-77
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• 2008

This study investigated differences of display rule by age and gender and the effects of theory of mind and affective perspective taking on display rule. Subjects were 64 4- to 5-year old children. Instruments were false belief, appearance-reality distinction, affective perspective taking, gift-giving, and display rule understanding task. Findings were (1) Display rule understanding differed by age; older children understood the display rules better than younger children. (2) Theory of mind influenced positive display rule behavior. (3) Theory of mind and affective perspective taking had a significant effect on display rule understanding.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.161-174
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• 2007

To analyze the effect of reminder type on the development of time-based prospective memory of children, 270(90 each 5-, 7-, and 9-year old) participants were randomly divided by age group into three subgroups : self-cued reminder, other-cued reminder, and control groups. Results showed that the performance of time-based prospective memory significantly increased with age, and the presentation of reminders was effective for improving the performance of time-based prospective memory. For younger children the presentation of other-cued reminder was more effective than self-cued reminder, but for the older children, presentation of self-cued reminder was more effective than other-cued reminder.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.33-47
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• 2002

This study examined the effects of conditions of generation(0, 1, or 2 cognitive operations) and task difficulty in children's recall. Subjects were 40 children in each age group, 8-year-olds and 10-year-olds. Each subject was shown 12 simple or difficult multiplication problems in one of the conditions of generation. After a buffer task, subjects were required to recall correct answers to the problems in random order. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and simple main effect analyses. Results showed that generation effect(GE) occurred among children younger than 12, and GE improved with age. Learning from cognitive operations was more effective than learning through simple repetition. Easier tasks led to greater GE, a phenomenon explained by procedures used in this study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

This study examined differences in children's social competence by number, birth order, and sibling relation types. The subjects were 489 three- to five-year old boys and girls enrolled in 4 kindergartens in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Instruments were the California Preschool Social Competency Scale and a questionnaire for the home environmental variables. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, Tukey test and Cronbach ${\alpha}$. The major findings were that siblings' social competence was higher than only children, first-born children's social competence was higher than the later born, and older brother's social competence was higher than younger brothers and sisters.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2002

The subjects of this study of the development of concepts of pretense and of false beliefs were 168 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds. There were 2 significant main effects for age and type of task both for pretend and false belief tasks. The older children performed pretend tasks and false belief tasks at a higher level than the younger children. Performance on pretend tasks was higher with alternatives than without them. On false belief tasks, there were differences in performance among the change of location, the change of content and the second order false belief tasks. Correlations between understanding of pretense and false beliefs were relatively high. These results suggest that the relationship between children's understanding of pretense and false belief varied by types of tasks.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2017

Esophageal strictures are seldom in children. In many countries, accidental ingestion of corrosives is a major cause of risk for stricture formation. Therefore, their management is a challenge. Safety and long-term efficacy of esophageal dilation for benign esophageal strictures has been confirmed in children. Because most children with structures are toddlers or younger, balloon dilatation is often preferred over bouginage. There is increasing evidence that short duration administration of high doses steroids may be of benefit in some specific situation (IIb esophagitis according to Zargar classification). Mytomycin-C application needs to be further evaluated. Stenting was reported to be successful in some refractory cases.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2002

The Pattern of Young Child-Mother Attachment and the Self-Concept in Young Children. This work sheds light on the patterns of chi1dren's attachment to their mother and the self-concept of young children. Ninety-two participants were selected from kindergarten and nurseries in the city of Taegu. All the children were from 3 to 5 clears old. The measurement instruments were the attachment story completion task, created by Cassidy, and the self-concept test, designed and used by Bently and Yeatts. The data was analyzed by using frequencies, percentages, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Scheffe test. The study's major findings are as follows: First, in the area of young child-mother attachments, the most common pattern was a secure attachment. The percentage of insecure-avoidant attachment was similar to that of the insecure-ambivalent attachment. Second, in terms of gender, there were no significant differences in self-concept among young children. Third, the self-concept held by young children varied significantly according to age. The younger the age, the more positive was the self-concept. Finally, the self-concept of children varied greatly according to the pattern of child-mother attachment. Those children who were more securely attacked to their mothers evidenced a more positive self-concept than those children who were insecurely attached to their mother.