• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.82-93
• /
• 1998

Monthly changes of the gonad follicle index (GFI), reproductive cycle, egg-diameter composition, first sexual maturity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were studied based on the samples which have been collected from the intertidal zone of Poryong west coast of Korea, from January to December, 1996. C. gigas, is dioecious, while a few individuals are alternatively hermaphroditic. Monthly variation of gonad follicle index (GFI) used for determination of spawning period, coincided with the reproductive cycle. GFI increased from April when seawater temperatures gradually increased and reached the maximum in May. And then, GFI sharply decreased from June to September due to spawning. Reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages: in females, early active stage (March to April), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to August), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/inactive stage (September to February); in males, early active stage (February to March), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to September), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/ inactive stage (September to February). The diameter of fully mature eggs are approximately 50um. Spawning occurred from June to September, and two spawning peaks were observed in June and August when the seawater temperature was above $20^{\circ}C$. Percentages of the first sexual maturity of males of 20.1-25.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$, while those of females of 25.1-30.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$. All the males of > 30.1 mm and all the females of ^gt; 35.1 mm completed their first sexual maturity. The results suggest that C. gigas has a protandry phenomenon. Sex ratios of 919 oysters observed were 453 females $(49.29\%)$, 429 males $(46.68\%)$, 16 hermaphrodites $(1.74\%)$, and 21 indeterminate individuals $(2.29\%)$. In age class I, sex ratio of males were $64.00\%$, thus, a higher percentage than that of females. It was noted that $64.00\%$ of the young males (age class I) were more functional than females in age class I, but 2-3 year-old oysters showed higher percentage of females. Percentages of hemaphrodites in 2-3 year classes were relatively higher than those in other year classes. Histological pattern of hermaphrodites can be divided into two types: Type I (hermaphrodite having a number of newly formed developing oocytes on the oogenic tissues within a degenerating spermatogenic follicle after discharge of numerous spermatozoa) and Type II (hermaphrodite having two separate follicles in the same gonad).

• 한국사회복지학
• /
• 제62권3호
• /
• pp.163-191
• /
• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 농촌 결혼이주여성들의 복지욕구의 영향요인을 탐색적으로 확인하고자 하는 것이다. 확률표집을 한 300명의 농촌거주 결혼이주여성의 복지욕구조사결과, 남편의 문제행동 상담에 대한 복지욕구는 정신건강이 나쁠수록, 신체건강이 좋을수록, 연령이 낮을수록, 자국민모임참여가 없는 경우에 높았다. 자녀양육 및 교육관련 욕구는 연령이 낮을수록 베트남 출신 이주여성이 욕구가 상대적으로 높았다. 취업교육욕구는 필리핀, 중국(한족) 출신이주여성이 낮았고, 가족이해정도가 낮을수록 욕구가 높았다. 취업알선욕구는 연령이 높을수록, 지역주민으로서의 소속감이 낮을수록 높았으며, 필리핀 출신 이주여성들이 낮았다. 이러한 결과 등을 고려하여, 이주여성의 연령과 학력, 국적, 지역사회자원 등에 따라 복지서비스를 차별화하여 제공해야 함과 동시에 이주여성의 정신건강에 대해 좀 더 관심과 지원을 기울여야 할 필요성이 제기되었다.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.289-300
• /
• 1997

실험실에서 사육시킨 Neomysis intermedia 의 섭이, 성장, 탈피, 생식 및 대사에 관한 자료로부터 생활사에 따른 에너지수지를 분석하였다. 1. 치하 및 성체의 성장은 암수 모두 초기성장이 빠르고 성장해 감에 따라 성장률이 현저히 저하되어 암컷의 경우 최대체장이 8.55 mm에 도달하여 6.87 cal 그리고 수컷의 최대체장은 7.53 mm로서 5.67 cal 에너지를 체성장에 사용하였다. 2. 성장에 수반되어 탈피체로 손실된 에너지는 암컷이 0.46 cal, 수컷은 0.38 cal의 에너지를 탈피에 사용하였다. 3. N. intermedia 암컷의 생식에 사용된 에너지는 6.75 cal 이었다. 4. 호흡에 사용된 에너지는 암컷이 48.48 cal, 수컷이 36.45 cal 이었다. 5. 치하 및 성체의 암컷은 84.15 cal의 에너지를 섭이를 통해 섭취하였으며, 수컷은 67.09 cal를 섭취하였다. 6. 요로 배설된 에너지는 암컷이 10.36 cal, 수컷은 6.46 cal 이었으며 분배출은 암컷이 11.23 cal, 수컷이 12.08 cal의 에너지를 배출하였다. 7. 섭취한 에너지에 대한 동화효율은 암컷이 86.65%, 수컷이 81.99%이었다. 8. 성장으로 전환된 에너지의 섭이에너지에 대한 백분율인 총성장효율(K 하(1))은 암컷이 8.71%, 수컷이 9.02%이었다. 9. 성장으로 전환된 에너지의 동화에너지에 대한 백분율인 순성장효율(K 하(2))은 암컷이 10.05%, 수컷은 12.36%이었다. 10. 동화에너지에 대한 대사에너지의 백분율은 암컷이 66.48%, 수컷이 66.26% 였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.206-217
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to assess the recognition and consumption of health functional food (HFF) of the college students in the Northern Gyeonggi-do area (Republic of Korea). To accomplish this, a survey was conducted to investigate 360 college students (183 males and 177 females) regarding their general characteristics, as well as the recognition, knowledge, considerations, purchases and consumption of HFF. Most male and female students (68.9% and 61.6%, respectively) were unaware of the HFF certification mark, however, more females(58.8%) were aware of the legal HFF definition compared to males (36.6%). The HFF advertising routes for males and females were 'TV radio' (43.2% and 43.5%, respectively) and 'internet smart phones' (19.7% and 27.1%, respectively). The main factor considered for selection and the most serious problem concerning HFF by males and females were 'effectiveness' (36.1% and 43.6%, respectively) and 'hype (exaggerated advertisement)' (35.0% and 55.9%, respectively). The main purchase route by males and females was 'pharmacy' (35.2% and 27.8%, respectively). The main reason for HFF product purchase by males and females was 'health promotion' (38.8% and 29.4%, respectively) and the main reason for not purchasing an HFF product was 'no health problem'(34.8% and 36.7%, respectively). The percentage of HFF consumption was 46.0% in males and 69.8% in females. The main HFF product consumed by males and females was 'vitamin mineral' (36.9% and 43.5%, respectively). The main reason for HFF consumption by males was 'health promotion' (31.0%) and females was 'recovery from fatigue' (21.8%). The main reason for not consuming HFF by males and females was 'no health problem' (38.4% and 41.5%, respectively). These results suggest the need to provide correct information concerning HFF to college students. Based on these results, greater efforts should be made to provide meaningful information regarding factors affecting purchase and consumption patterns for college students related to the research and development of HFF in the Northern Gyeonggi-do area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.3035-3041
• /
• 2016

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of women worldwide. In the past it was considered as disease of older middle aged women, but the incidence of BC in young females is growing in recent years concordant with studies in Pakistan. In this paper, we reviewed the mutant functions of tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, ATM and PTEN), epigenetic transformation and involvement of estrogen receptors in development of breast cancer. We further reviewed the current situation of BC in Pakistan that depicts a higher incidence in young females. According to SKMCH and RC data, age group 45-49 years is more prone to BC with high rate of incidence 45.42%. A few studies explored the high expression of ER, PR and HER-2/neu in Pakistani females. Moreover, presence of BRCA1 (c.1961dupA) mutation in Pakistani shows concordance with data in different areas of world. But we are unable to find an authentic study that can explore epigenetic based transformation of breast tumors in Pakistan. This area of research needs more attention to explore the complete picture of BC in Pakistan.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.448-453
• /
• 2012

This study aims to categorize age groups for shoes manufacturing including shoes size and boot tree development for Koreans. In order to carry out the research, the characteristics of different parts of foot in relation to size are analyzed according to age and sex, making use of human body measurement database. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that the measurement items such as foot length, metatarsal tibiale, foot breadth and instep circumference of a person reached the range of standard deviation and average numerical figures of an adult group (18-24) from the age of 14 in men's case, and from 12 for women's case, which indicates the time of completion of their foot growth. Based on these findings where males of 14 years old and females of 12 are within similar measurement range to adults, it is necessary to categorize the age groups for shoe sizing system into the following four groups: males 13 years old or under, males 14 years old or over, females 11 years or under, and females 12 years or over. The proportional measurement produced by dividing each measurement item of foot parts by foot length was compared in an independent samples t-test, and there were meaningful differences according to different foot shapes of the two age groups of males 13 or under - males 14 or over, and females 11 or under - females 12 or over. Also, the independent samples t-test for the age groups of males 13 or under - females 11 or under, and males 14 or over - female 12 or over, showed similar meaningful differences, which indicates the differences in foot shapes of male and female during the period of growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.309-320
• /
• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between steamed food intake and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean females. Methods: Using Ansan/Ansung data of Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, general characteristics, nutritional intake and biochemical and anthropometric markers of a total of 4,056 females aged 40 to 69 years were analyzed. MetS was defined following National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III with some minor modifications. Logistic regression models were established to present the association between steamed food intake and the risk of MetS. Levels of food and nutrient intake by the frequency of steamed food intake and MetS phenotype were analyzed using general linear models. Results: A total of 38.4% of females had MetS. Among them, 24.9% of females with MetS had steamed food more than 1-3 times per week, which reduced the risk for MetS by about 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.650-0.865). However, such association was not evident when various lifestyle factors were considered in statistical models. In rural residents, the benefit of having more steamed food was observed (adjusted odds ratio: 0.747; 95% CI, 0.583-0.958). The frequency of steamed food intake was associated with various food and nutritional intakes. However, trends in those did not differ by MetS phenotype. Conclusion: Having steamed food more than 1-3 times per week may reduce the risk of MetS compared to those who had less steamed food in Korean females. This protective effect of steamed food intake may differ by lifestyle and environmental factors. Although a clear difference in food and nutritional intake was not observed in this study, steaming could be an effective cooking method for a healthy diet for disease prevention and management.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.22-25
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and $24.5\;kg/m^2$ in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and $24.9\;kg/m^2$ in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.89-93
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study finds out the effect of red ginseng extract(1.0 g/kg) on bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO)(10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) which poisons against some organs like thyroid gland, liver, kidney, testis, ovary. Serum immunity and sex hormone activity of rats are examined by gastric tubing for 3 weeks. The weights of each in treated group were increased, especially liver in females and those of testis in males were signignificantly increased at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg (P<0.05, P<0.01). In group treated with TBTO(10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for females, the serum IgG level was significantly reduced in comparison with control group(P<0.05). The group of females which were poisonned by TBTO and rGe was significantly recovered in TBTO 10 mg/kg + rGe 1.0 g/kg and TBTO 20 mg/kg + rGe 1.0 g/kg. In case of sex hormone activity of each sex, the estradiol activity of females and testosterone activity of males were signignificantly decreased rather than the control group. And control group by bis(tributyltin) oxide and red ginseng extract is just increased estiradiol activity.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2000

When standing, walking, or running for extended periods of time, fatigue occurs in the legs. Although there are many ways, to release tense or fatigued leg muscles, in the case that there is insufficient time to relax, an easy way to release leg fatigue is using an inclined step (about 3 minutes). This method was more effective than performing stretching exercises as studied. An experiment was conducted on a golf course in the Kangwon province in Korea. Subjects were chosen randomly and consisted of 5 females and 4 males golf caddies. Their main tasks consisted of pulling golf carts to the bottom of a hill for 8 to 10 hours and sometimes lifting and lowering golf clubs during the duration of one day. EMG was measured after work and after using the previously mentioned inclined Steps for the lower legs using ME3000P. This study investigated the types of inclined Steps which would be most effective and appropriate for golf caddies, whether sex difference had any influence existed between male and female workers. The results showed that a step with a $20^{\circ}$ angle was most effective for males and a step with a $25^{\circ}$ angle was most effective for females. Females showed faster recovery from fatigue than males. However, there were no statistical significance between males and females.