• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.18-41
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• 2017

The Gangjin WolnamSaji(月南寺址) is a small site where three-story pagodas and a destroyed tombstone remained. In 1973, it was discovered that the destroyed tombstone was that of the second master of Susunsa, Hye shim(慧諶), who had a special relationship with the military regime in Goryeo, and it once again attracted attention as a result of the recent excavation of the Rooftile of Yeonhwamun(蓮花文). In particular, the Windchime excavated in 2012 is a large-sized one group with a length of 23cm, and a relatively large Sanskrit character was decorated on four sides of the body. In addition, it was also confirmed in preservation process that the word 'gaecheon(盖天)' was engraved. The Sanskrit characters(梵字) om( , oṃ), a( , a), hum( , hūṃ), brum( , bhrūṃ) were decorated on the body of the Wind-chime excavated in WolnamSaji. Om( , oṃ), a( , a), hum( , hūṃ) are known as the Sammiljineon(三密眞言) and brum( , bhrūṃ) has the meaning of having the highest honor. In addition, the Sammiljineon(三密眞言) allows us to understand the truth by responding to the principle of universe, which is the Vairocana Buddha(毘盧遮那佛), and brum( , bhrūṃ) has the meaning of unity. In the end, the meaning of the Sanskrit decorating the four sides of the Wind-chime, of WolnamSaji(月南寺址), can be interpreted as the expression of the Buddha's doctrine, or the willingness to be combined with Buddha, the highest existence in itself. It is possible that the word 'gaecheon(盖天)' carved on the body can be regarded as the name of the master craftsman related to the making of the Wind-chime, but it is unlikely that it is the name of the master craftsman, considering that it is a place where the location is not easily seen. If so, you can think of the original function that the Wind-chime has. In other words, it can be interpreted symbolically and implicitly that the wish of the sound of the airwaves symbolized by the words of the Buddha covers the sky and spreads all over the place. It is thought that the Wind-chime excavated in WolnamSaji(月南寺址) was made in the mid to late 13th century considering the comparisons with another wind-chime excavated from the temple site, the historical situation in the late Goryeo, the publication date of the scriptures(經典) of Esoteric Buddhism(密敎).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.679-687
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• 2019

Litsea populifolia, a plant species of the Lauraceae family, is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia. The phylogenetic relationships and botanical characteristics of L. populifolia have been reported; however, its anti-oxidative and anti-cancer activities remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects of ethanol extracts of L. populifolia (EELP) together with the molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer activity in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. EELP showed significant anti-oxidative effects with a 50% inhibitory concentration at $11.71{\mu}g/ml$, which was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. EELP exhibited cytotoxic activity and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas EELP did not have the cytotoxic effect on the normal human lung cell line IMR90. Treatment with EELP also resulted in a decreased expression of G1/S transition-related molecules-including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E-both for the transcription and translation levels. EELP-induced G1 arrest was associated with the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), p53, cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A), and the reduction of CDC25A expression in A549 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that EELP may exert an anti-cancer effect by cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase through both p53-dependent and p53-independent (ATM/CHK2/CDC25A/CDK2) pathways in A549 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.60-70
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• 2019

Today, Deoksugung Doldam-gil, which is a well-known area in Seoul, has become a mixed place as many places reaching a critical age have been converted into parks. However, the previous research on the Deoksugung Doldam-gil was deficient in that the user, an essential variable, was not considered when assessing the place. Based on that, this study aims to analyze and interpret the perception of the places in Deoksugung Doldam-gil and to analyze factors to further enrich the place to visitors. According to the research, the representative idea of Deoksugung Doldam-gil is "the distance you want to go" and that has influencing factors, such as vehicle restrictions and the improvement of the walking environment. The analysis of classifying the variables that make up the perception of the place, physical environments, activities and meanings showed high awareness in, "streets of green (3.95)" and "stone walls of curves (3.88)." In the category of activities, "walking activities in the inner city (4.01)" and "love and romance (3.57)" were high. These results seem to reflect the spatial characteristics of the streets and the familiar image of the place were important. Five factors were extracted from the factor analysis to provide a more detailed understanding of the place perception, the correlation between each factor, and the place atmosphere of Deoksugung Doldam-gil. These factors confirmed a high correlation between 'green landscape' and 'historicity.' This can be attributed to the fact that the analysis reflects vital space, visual experience, and free walking conditions to be important, and these variables are present in urban parks. It also indicates the long-accumulated image and behavior near the site of Deoksugung Palace, including the historical and cultural heritage. It was confirmed that the factors related to the cognitive perception of Deoksugung Doldam-gil and the formation of the atmosphere of the place were strongly recognized. It found that there was a need to reflect the value and importance of 'green' in the future as culture or in the use of preservation and management related to heritage. This study presented a direction to be noted from the perspective of a user's place awareness, but considered only a fraction of the variables that affect the multidimensional sense of place and location recognition, and thus must be supplemented in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.492-498
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• 2019

Previously, three kinds of lipases, lipAD1, lipAD2, and lipAD3, and lipase chaperone, lipBD, of Acinetobacter schindleri DYL129 isolated from soil sample were reported. In this report, three lipase and lipase chaperone were cloned into the pET32a(+) or pGEX-6P-1 vectors for protein expression in Escherichia coli, and named as pETLAD1, pETLAD2, pETLAD3 and pETLBD or pGEXLAD1, pGEXLAD 2, pGEXLAD3 and pGEXLBD, respectively. Protein expression rate was higher in pET system than in pGEX system. Although LipAD1 and LipAD2 were produced as inclusion bodies, their expression levels were high. So LipAD1 and LipAD2 could be solubilized in 8 M urea buffer and purified. LipAD3 and LipBD were overexpressed in soluble form and purified. Those proteins were purified by His-tag affinity chromatography connected in AKTA prime system. The activities of the purified lipases were demonstrated with 1% tributyrin agar plate. After purification, molecular mass was determined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LipAD1 showed high activity toward ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl acetate and ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl butyrate, LipAD2 showed high activity toward ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl acetate and ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl myristate, and LipAD3 showed high activity toward ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl acetate, ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl butyrate, and ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl miristate, respectively. Three lipases, LipAD1, LipAD2, and LipAD3, showed optimal reaction at $50^{\circ}C$ using ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl butyrate, as substrate.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.33
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• pp.243-271
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• 2016

When an aggressive war reached at the climax in 1940, a commemorative event called celebration' was held on a large scale in Japan for 'beginning former 2,600 years. It was performed for the policy that was going to break off the fatigue that was tired for nation dissatisfaction and war for the politics. I considered Urayasu-no-mai Dance played as part of a celebration event in a Shinto shrine of the all over Japan how was created and spread by this article Urayasu-no-mai Dance was created newly and was played in Shinto shrines of the whole country. The Urayasu-no-mai Dance was created based on Gagaku and Miko Mai (shrine maiden's dance) that has been read aloud not to go out of the ancient times. It was created in the situation of the war and spread and was spread. It will be said that Urayasu Dance is a typical example of 'forged traditional'. Urayasu Dance is a tradition made at modern time and remains for an unfortunate inheritance used again by the advertising tool of the national ideology. The Urayasu-no-mai Dance is expanded more now, without enough consideration about the historic procession other words, It played under a strong-arm society atmosphere is placed as new folk performing arts all too soon. In the complicated world situation at the time, Urayasu-no-mai Dance that emphasized a Japanese tradition for the inside and outside were spread. Urayasu-no-mai Dance created in modern times substitutes a traditional shaman dance, and there is even the tendency that ritual performing arts peculiar to each local Shinto shrine is unified to Urayasu-no-mai Dance. Such a movement shows a new aspect of the culture power that social turning to the right in Japan is not unrelated to becoming it. It is a traditional reinvention, or do you forge the tradition? I examined a process of a process and the spread of traditional creation produced consistently.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.465-473
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• 2018

Objective: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients with septic shock who transferred to the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary referral center. Methods: This study was performed using a prospective, multi-center registry of septic shock, with the participation of 11 tertiary referral centers in the Korean Shock Society between October 2015 and February 2017. We classified the patients as a transferred group who transferred from other hospitals after meeting the inclusion criteria upon ED arrival and a non-transferred group who presented directly to the ED. Primary outcome was hospital mortality. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to assess variables related to in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 2,098 patients were included, and we assigned 717 patients to the transferred group and 1,381 patients to the non-transferred group. The initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was higher in the transferred group than the non-transferred group (6; interquartile range [IQR], 4-9 vs. 6; IQR, 4-8; P<0.001). Mechanical ventilator (29% vs. 21%, P<0.001) and renal replacement therapy (12% vs. 9%, P=0.034) within 24 hours after ED arrival were more frequently applied in the transferred group than the non-transferred group. Overall hospital mortality was 22% and there was no significant difference between transferred and non-transferred groups (23% vs. 22%, P=0.820). Multivariable analysis showed an odds ratio for in-hospital mortality of 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.28; P=0.999) for the transferred group compared with the non-transferred group. Conclusion: The transferred group showed higher severity and needed more organ support procedures than the non-transferred group. However, inter-hospital transfer did not affect in-hospital mortality.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to monitor the flux of $CO_2$ between the atmosphere and forest. The main research activities are conducted at Taehwa Mt. (Gangju, Kyeonggi, Korea), The Taehwa site is located 60 km north-east from the center of Seoul Metropolitan Area. The TRF flux tower is in the middle of a Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation ($400m{\times}400m$), surrounded by a mixed forest. Eddy covariance method was used for $CO_2$ flux above the forest. $CO_2$ flux was measured from September to November 2011 and March to June 2012. It was found that $CO_2$ fluxes were observed between the atmosphere and forest. $CO_2$ was absorbed by plants through photosynthesis during the day and released during the night. $CO_2$ flux were respectively observed 0.7~0.2, 0.5~0.1, $0.3{\sim}0.1mgCO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in Septem- ber, October, November 2011. $CO_2$ fluxes released by plants in the early morning(00:00~07:30h) and evening(18:00~24:00h) time. But $CO_2$ was absorbed by plants through photosynthesis in the day time(08:00~7:30h).

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.283-295
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• 2011

Many actions against climate change have been taken to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions at home and abroad. As of 2007, the GHGs emitted from buildings accounted for about 23 % of Korea's total GHGs emission, which is the second largest GHG reduction potential following industry. In this study, we introduced Carbon Zero Building (CZB), which was constructed by the National Institute of Environmental Research to cut down GHGs from buildings in Korea, and evaluated the main applied technologies, the amount of energy load and reduced energy, and economic values for CZB to provide data that could be a basis in the future construction of this kind of carbon-neutral buildings. A total of 66 technologies were applied for this building in order to achieve carbon zero emissions. Applied technologies include 30 energy consumption reduction technologies, 18 energy efficiency technologies, and 5 eco-friendly technologies. Out of total annual energy load ($123.8kWh/m^2$), about 40% of energy load ($49kWh/m^2$) was reduced by using passive technologies such as super insulation and use of high efficiency equipments and the other 60% ($74.8kWh/m^2$) was reduced by using active technologies such as solar voltaic, solar thermal, and geothermal energy. The construction cost of CZB was 1.4 times higher than ordinary buildings. However, if active technologies are excluded, the construction cost is similar to that of ordinary buildings. It was estimated that we could save annually about 102 million won directly from energy saving and about 2.2 million won indirectly from additional saving by the reduction in GHGs and atmospheric pollutants. In terms of carbon, we could reduce 100 ton of $CO_2$ emissions per year. In our Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis, the Break Even Point (BEP) for the additional construction cost was estimated to be around 20.6 years.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-32
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• 2011

Due to greenhouse gas increased by human activities, abnormal climate changes are continuously occurring everywhere in the world and internationally people make efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas. Our country also is making endeavors to realize low carbon society on the foundation of the green growth and for this low carbon consumption pattern settlement through green life is necessary. Therefore for the nationals the offering of the information on greenhouse gas emission that is reduced through the change to low carbon life is required. In this study the objects are beef and wine whose weight of import is high among the beverages and foods consumed in the country and we calculated the food mileage and emission of carbon dioxide of the domestic and foreign product beef and wine and estimated the potential amount that can be reduced when replacing the imported products with domestic products. As the year 2007 being standard if we replace 10% of imported beef with domestic products it is possible to reduce 14,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year and on one day out of a year if we replace imported beef with domestic beef the reduction of 384 tons of carbon dioxide is appeared to be possible. In the same standard year if we replace 10% of imported wine with domestic product we can reduce 1,396 tons and on one day out of a year if we replace imported wine with domestic wine reduction of 38 tons of carbon per year appeared to be possible. Through active promotion and expansion of variety of domestic foods and beverages in the real life of the nationals the consumption pattern of natural low carbon life should be achieved and offering of more systematized greenhouse gas emission DB is thought to be necessary.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.189-203
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• 2010

The objective of this study is the estimate of $CO_2$ emissions by the energy consumption of functional technology introduced by classifying energy use in households according to functions as well as energy resources. This study also intends to provide the practical basis data in order to establish specific alternatives for GHG mitigation in residential sector with examining the cause analysis affecting $CO_2$ emission increases from 1995 to 2007. The results of this study show a 6.6% increase in the total $CO_2$ from 60,636 thousand tons in 1995 to 64,611 thousand tons in 2007 by using energy in residential sector. Heating is the greatest $CO_2$ emission sector by use, followed electric appliances, cooking, lighting and cooling. Heating sector shows 56.6% reductions from 71.5% in 1995 and as do cooling and electric home appliances, with a 2.4% increase from 0.6% and a 21.8% increase from 14.2% respectively. To analyze factors resulted in $CO_2$ emissions in residential sector, the relevant indicator change rate from 2005 to 2007 was examined. The results find that population, the number of household, housing areas, family patterns, and family income resulted in the $CO_2$ emissions increase in residential sector from 1995 to 2007. On the other hand, carbon intensity and energy intensity contribute to $CO_2$ reduction in residential sector with -2% and -38.7% respectively because of the energy conversion and the improvement of energy efficiency in electronic appliances. This study can be used as a reference when taken account of the reality and considered the introduction of highly effective measures to increase the possibility of mitigation potential in residential sector hereafter.