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Effects of Taekunyukmijiwhang-tang on Blood Pressure and Renal function in NO-dependent Hypertensive Rats (택군육미지황탕이 산화질소의존형 고혈압백서의 혈압과 신장기능에 미치는 영향)

  • Sohn Eun Jin;Kang Dae Gill;Noh Suk Yeon;Lee An Sook;Yin Ming Hao;Moon Mi Kyung;Yun Young Gab;Lee Ho Sub
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.84-92
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    • 2004
  • The present study examined the effects of Taekunyukmijiwhang-tang (TV) on blood pressure and renal function in nitric oxide (NO)-dependent hypertensive rats. A phamacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for 4-6 weeks produces renal vasoconstriction, renal dysfunction, and progressive severe hypertension. Treatment of rats with NG-Nitro-L-arginie methylester (L-NAME) (100 mg/L, 6 weeks), which is a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, cause a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), along with the decrease in expression of ecNOS in the kidney and thoracic aorta. The expression of Na, K-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney was also reduced in the L-NAME induced hypertensive rats group. The renal functional parameters including urine osmolality (Uosm), creatinine clearance (Ccr), which is an index of glomerular filtration (GFR) were decreased in rat with L-NAME induced hypertension. while solute-free water reabsoption (TcH₂O) was unchanged in all experimental group. However, the group combined treated with TV and L-NAME did not develop hypertension and expression of ecNOS in the aorta was restored. The expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATpase α1 subunit in the kidney was markedly restored in L-NAME-induced hypertension rats by administration of TV along with the restoration of urinary volume (UV) and sodium excretion (UNaV), whlie Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase /β1 subunit was not altered. These results suggest that TV attenuates an increase in SSP in the L-NAME induced hypertension and restores partially renal function, which seems to be caused by up-regulation of expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney and ecNOS in thoracic aorta.

Study on the Shapes of Jung-kwa, Gi-kwa, Sin-kwa, Hyul-kwa (정기신혈과(精氣神血科)의 형상(形象)에 대한 연구)

  • Choi Byung-Tae;Choi Yung-Hyun;Baek Geun-Gi;Lee Yong-Tae
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.1181-1190
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    • 2005
  • After study about the shapes of Jung, Gi, Sin, Hyul-kwa advocated by Master Jisan, the conclusions are drawn as follows. It pursues the rules of universe being changed from formless to concrete objects that the Body Essence, Vital energy, Mentality, and Blood are materialized to Jung, GE, Sin, Hyul-kwa. It can be drawn an inference from the next three theories that Jisan considered Jung, Gi, Sin, Hyul-kwa as round, square, reverse triangle, and triangle or oval shape. First, it was taken to following the shapes of viscera. Namely Jung-kwa was taken as Kidney, Gi-kwa as Lung, Sin-kwa as Heart, Hyul-kwa as Liver. Second, it was adopted from five kinds of constitutions according to the five elements in [Yeongchu Yin and Yang twenty five shapes] that is Jung-kwa is purchased with Water-earth phases, Gi-kwa with metal phase Sin-kwa with fire phase, Hyul-kwa with Wood phase, Third, it is taken in order to eliminate contradictions. Hyul-kwa disliking to move is assumed to round shape to easily move. Gi-kwa tending to disperse is chosen to square in order to be unmoved. Sin-kwa declining to stagnate of seven emotions is pursued to reverse triangle to compose oneself. Hyul-kwa inclining to gather is preferred to acreage phase to harmonize ascending tendency. Among shapes which Jisan was divided Hado, Nakseo, Bokhee pal kwoe, Moonwang pal kwoe, Jung-kwa as round is Hado, Gi-kwa as square is Nakseo, Sin-kwa as reverse triangle is Bokhee pal kwoe order shape, Hyul-kwa as acreage phase or oval shape is accord with Moonwang pal kwoe order shape. The reason being classified into Jung, GE, Sin, Hyul-kwa from the shapes of the face is that the face is the place to reflect the whole conditions of the body connected with all of the viscera and meridian system such as semen of plants. Above contents are drawn an inference from the transcription of Jisan's lectures and his writings. And it is considered that insufficient parts of the Jisan's theory must be demonstrated continuously.

Study on the Orgainc Relations among Hado. Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$, a Priori Eight Trigrams, and a Posteriori Eight Trigrams (하도(河圖)${\cdot}$락서(書洛)${\cdot}$선천팔괘(先夭八卦)${\cdot}$후천팔괘(後夭八卦)의 상호 유기적 관계 연구)

  • Kim, Byoung-Soo
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.379-386
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    • 2007
  • Hado(河圖) and Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$(書洛) are the diagrams composed of the symbols of numbers from one to ten. And the eight-trigrams, P'al-gwoe divide into two types one is a priori eight-trigrams (先夭八卦) or the Bok-Hui's eight trigrams(伏羲八卦); and the other is a posterior eight trigrams (後夭八卦) or the king Mun's eight trigrams (文王八卦). Relating these two diagrams of Hado and Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ with the two types of eight trigrams, they are said to be a term of Ha-Lak-Hui-Mun (HLHM). Each of HLHM represents the process of creating and changing of 'heaven and Earth' and every beingby the symbols of numbers and trigrams. In other words, each of HLHM symbolizes the origin and the structure of the universe as well as the birth of every life represented in the diagram of theosophany (福智學) or Kabbalah. HLHM are also regarded as the origin of l-ching or Book of Change. Hado produces Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ through the principle of yin-yang(陰陽). Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ produces a priori eight trigrams through the zigzag shapes which means Heaven and Earth are mutually responding. And a priori eight trigrams produce a posteriori eight trigrams through the triangle principle of connecting Heaven and Earth. In this process, Hado and a priori eight trigrams are respectively prior to Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ and a posteriori eight trigrams. HLHM represent fractal shape resembling the symbol of five on the center of Hado, or Hado itself. In the dynamic process of HLHM, a diagram of Circle, Quadrangle, and Triangle (CQT) is produced as follows: Circle, the symbol of 'infinify' or Heaven, represents the origin of life or birth. Hadois the symbol of creation. Quadrangle, the symbol of Earth, represents that Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$is scattered into four directions of front, back, left, and rifht. Quadrangle, which is immovable, represents materiality. Triangle, being described from the eight trigrams, means the movements of the process of 'mutual inclusion' of Circle and Quadrangle. Triangle also means the process of harmonizing human beings with natural law.

Philological Study on The Mental Cultivation (정신양생(精神養生)에 관한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察))

  • Keum Jong-Chul;Soh Kyung-Sun;Kim Kwang-Ho
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.59-75
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    • 1997
  • After examining the viewpoints of the mental cultivation of The yellow Emperor's Internal Bible(內徑), from the viewpoints of The yellow Emperor's Internal Bible, I studied the principles and methods of the mental cultivation(精神養生) which the Taoism School, the Confusian School and the past physicians proposed. And I studied the methods of mental cultivation of the child, the woman and the old by the differences of ages and sex. At the subject of health preservation(養生學) on the basis of concept of relevant adaptation of man to nature(天人相應思想), the mental cultivation(精神養生) was regard more important than the body cultivation(肉體養生) and it was considered that the success of health preservation depended on the state of mind. the basic principles of the mental cultivation is achivement of the mental internal keeping(精神內守) through the state of peace and tranquility without avarice and wild fancy(恬憺虛無). The ways of mental cultivation of the Taoism School, the Confusian School and the past physicians were in the category of The yellow Emperor's Internal Bible. 4. In the previous Jin dynasty(先秦時代), the important theoretical bases and practices to mental cultivation were made. In the Han dynasty(漢時代), the physicians attached importance to mental treaments. During the time from Sui dynasty to Tang Dynasty(隋唐時代), the mental cultivation was made perfect theoretically. During the Period from Song dynasty to Yuan Dynasty(宋元時代), Many methods of mental cultivation were newly created. During the Ming and the Qing Dynasties(明淸時代), the theory of health preservation and the methods of mental treaments were embodied. 5. Studying the mental cultivation by the differences of ages, the childhood(小兒期) is the spring of life. So the mental cultivation of this period put importance to the cultivation of Sh ng(養生). And the youth(靑年期) is the summer of life. So the mental cultivation of this period pill importance to the cultivation of Ch'ang(養長). And the middle age(中年期) is the autumn of life. So the mental cultivation of this period put imporance to the cultivation of Shou(養收). And the old age(老年期) is the winter of life. So the mental cultivation of this period put importance to the cultivation of Tsang(養藏). Studying the mental cultivation by the differences of sex, the man must do the mental cultivation through the dynamic nature(性情) of Yang(陽) and the woman must do the mental cultivation through the static nature of Yin(陰).

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Current Status of Systems Biology in Traditional Chinese medicine - in regards to influences to Korean Medicine (최근 중의학에서 시스템생물학의 발전 현황 - 한의학에 미치는 영향 및 시사점을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Seungeun;Lee, Sundong
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2017
  • Objectives : This paper serves to explore current trends of systems biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and examine how it may influence the Traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Literature review method was collectively used to classify Introduction to systems biology, diagnosis and syndrome classification of systems biology in TCM perspective, physiotherapy including acupuncture, herbs and formula functions, TCM systems biology, and directions of academic development. Results : The term 'Systems biology' is coined as a combination of systems science and biology. It is a field of study that tries to understand living organism by establishing a theory based on an ideal model that analyzes and predicts the desired output with understanding of interrelationships and dynamics between variables. Systems biology has an integrated and multi-dimensional nature that observes the interaction among the elements constructing the network. The current state of systems biology in TCM is categorized into 4 parts: diagnosis and syndrome, physical therapy, herbs and formulas and academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology. Diagnosis and syndrome field is focusing on developing TCM into personalized medicine by clarifying Kidney yin deficiency patterns and metabolic differences among five patterns of diabetes and analyzing plasma metabolism and biomarkers of coronary heart disease patients. In the field of physical therapy such as acupuncture and moxibustion, researchers discovered the effect of stimulating acupoint ST40 on gene expression and the effects of acupuncture on treating functional dyspepsia and acute ischemic stroke. Herbs and formulas were analyzed with TCM network pharmacology. The therapeutic mechanisms of Si Wu Tang and its series formulas are explained by identifying potential active substances, targets and mechanism of action, including metabolic pathways of amino acid and fatty acid. For the academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology, it is necessary to integrate massive database, integrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as systems biology. It is also essential to establish a platform to maximize herbal treatment through accumulation of research data and diseases-specific, or drug-specific network combined with clinical experiences, and identify functions and roles of molecules in herbs and conduct animal-based studies within TCM frame. So far, few literature reviews exist for systems biology in traditional Korean medicine and they merely re-examine known efficacies of simple substances, herbs and formulas. For the future, it is necessary to identify specific mechanisms of working agents and targets to maximize the effects of traditional medicine modalities. Conclusions : Systems biology is widely accepted and studied in TCM and already advanced into a field known as 'TCM systems biology', which calls for the study of incorporating TCM and systems biology. It is time for traditional Korean medicine to acknowledge the importance of systems biology and present scientific basis of traditional medicine and establish the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. By doing so, traditional Korean medicine would be innovated and further developed into a personalized medicine.

Variation in Trichothecene and Zearalenone Production by Fusarium graminearum Isolates form Corn and Barley in Korea (한국산 옥수수 및 보리로 부터 분리한 Fusarium graminearum 균주의 Trichothecene과 Zearalenone 생성변이)

  • Kim, Jin-Cheol;Park, Ae-Ran;Lee, Yin-Won;Youn, Hee-Ju;Cha, Seung-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.312-317
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    • 1993
  • A total of 110 Fusarium graminearum isolates were obtained from corn and barley samples which were collected from Kangwon province and the southern part of Korea, respectively. The isolates were tested for trichothecene and zearalenone (ZEA) production in rice culture. The incidences of trichothecene production by 51 isolates of F. graminearum from corn were 64.7% for deoxynivalenol (DON), 7.8% for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON),33.3% for 15-acetylde-oxynivalenol (15-ADON), 21.6% for invalenol (NIV), and 13.7% for 4-acetylnivalenol (4-ANIV). DON producers frequently co-produced 15-ADON rather than 3-ADON. On the other hand, the incidences of trichothecene production by 59 isolates of F. graminearum from barley were 71.2% for NIV, 61.0% for 4-ANIV, and only one isolate produced DON and 3-ADON. The incidences and mean levels of ZEA producers were 32.0% and 71.$\mu$g/g for the isolates from corn, and 29.0% and 74 .$\mu$g/g for the isolates from barley. There was a great regional difference in trichothecene production of F. graminearum isolates between Kangwon province and the southern part of Korea.

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Anti-atopic Effect of Hot Water and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extract of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Peels (감껍질 열수 및 초임계 유체 추출물의 항아토피 효과)

  • Cho, Byoung Ok;Yin, Hong Hua;Fang, Chong Zhou;Shin, Jae Young;Ha, Hye Ok;Kim, Sang Jun;Jeong, Seung Il;Jang, Seon Il
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.47 no.3
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    • pp.394-400
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    • 2015
  • This study aimed to investigate the anti-atopic effect of hot water (PPWE) and supercritical-carbon dioxide fluid extract of persimmon peels (SPPE) on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in hairless mice. Histological analyses demonstrated that SPPE treatment more strongly inhibited the dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in AD-like skin lesions than that by PPWE. Compared to PPWE, SPPE significantly decreased the dermatitis clinical score and the epidermal thickness and potently suppressed serum IgE and interleukin (IL)-4 production in hairless mice with AD. Furthermore, compared to PPWE, SPPE potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$, and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$ in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These results suggested that SPPE exhibited anti-atopic dermatitis activity via the regulation of inflammatory responses.

Fermented Soybean Powder Reduces Body Weight Gain and Improves Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High Fat Diet-Fed Obese Male C57BL/6N Mice (고지방식이 마우스 비만모델에서 발효대두파우더의 체중증가량 변화와 지방간 개선)

  • Tsung, Pei-Chin;Lee, Hee-Young;Lee, Hye-Rim;Jeong, Hae-Gyeong;Yin, Yuan-Mi;Yoon, Mi-Chung;Park, Sun-Dong;Shin, Soon-Shik
    • Herbal Formula Science
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.201-213
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : We investigated the effects of fermented soybean(FSOB) on body weight and examined whether hepatic lipid accumulation are inhibited by it in high fat diet-fed obese male mice. Methods : 8 weeks old, high fat diet-fed obese male mice were divided into 5 groups: C57BL/6N normal, control, FSOB(1), (2) and (3). After mice were treated with FSOB for 9 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin and lipid levels. We also did histological analysis for liver and fat on the mice. Results : 1. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower body weight gain and adipose tissue weight, the magnitudes of which were prominent in FSOB(3) and FSOB(1). 2. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower feeding efficiency ratio and blood plasma leptin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in FSOB(3). 3. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower blood plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Blood plasma AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by FSOB, indicating FSOB do not show any toxic effects. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, the size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by FSOB, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was significantly increased, suggesting that FSOB decreased the number of large adipocytes. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by FSOB. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that FSOB effectively reduces body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood plasma leptin level and improves hepatic lipid accumulation.

Aesthetics of Karatedo as Security Guard Martial Art (경호무도로서 공수도의 미학)

  • Jeang, Il Hong
    • Convergence Security Journal
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.67-73
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    • 2013
  • This research is to define the Aesthetics of Karatedo as Security Guard Martial Art by explore the aesthetics of Karatedo being invigorated as security guard martial art. The first one is beauty of space. The offense and defense of Karatedo as Security Guard Martial art are to fill in, to come out and to move from side to side. It help to have higher judgment. Secondly, it is beauty of time. It is subjective time felt by people training Karatedo. The third on is beauty of unity. We can see formal beauty of unity such as white dogi or black suit of security guard and dynamic beauty of unity such as quick and slow, strong and soft or movement of hand and foot. The forth one is beauty of symmetry. It can be shown strongly by triangle or moving of team kata and triangle between athletes and referee at Kumite competition. The fifth one is beauty of balance. It can by shown well by continual Karatedo kick motion, jumping kick motion at Kumite, jumping motion, quick turning, or moving such as standing on one foot at kata. The sixth one is beauty of harmony. The whith Dogi and blue or red guard at Kumite competition shows harmony of yin and yang and we can see also various harmony such as strong and soft, quick and slow, or high and low at Kata competition. The seventh one is beauty of curve. We can see beauty of straight line and curve by watching line of hand and foot from starting point to ending point. Specially, moving line of white dogi shows strongly beauty. The eighth one is beauty of rhythm. The rhythm is specified in Kumite kata competition rules. It is also shown by basic step, left and right step, various moving of foot, continual offense of hand or continual rhythm of offense and defense. The last one is bezuty of ethics. It is manner, duty as human, and moderation being important in Karatedo.

The Application of Generalized Additive Model in the Effectiveness of Scale in Funding Policy on SMEs Overall Performance (일반화 가법 모형을 이용한 정책금융 수혜규모가 중소기업 경영성과에 미치는 효과성 연구)

  • Ha, SeungYin;Jang, Myoung Gyun;Lee, GunHee
    • The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.35-50
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    • 2017
  • The aims of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of firms financial status quo and the scale of financial support on SMEs overall performance. We have gathered the financial guarantee data from 1998 to 2013, provided by Korea Credit Guarantee Fund (KODIT), to analyze the effectiveness of Financial policy. To classify both financial status quo and scale of financial support, we utilized the following variables; Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) and newly guaranteed amount ratio. To take the measurement of the overall performance, we employed profitability, growth ratio and activity index. To minimize the effect of repeated financial support (redundancy benefits), firms were selected based on the following criteria: firms that receive no financial support prior to implementing such policy over the last 3 years and no new financial support over the last 2 years. Results suggest that firms with higher ICR and large newly guaranteed amount influence on financial performance in terms of profitability index. Firms with lower ICR and large scale financial support showed a better performance compare to firms with small-scale financial support. Firms with large-scale financial support, irrespective of ICR inclined to have better performance to those of small-scale financial support in terms of growth index. For activity index, however, firms with large scale support led to higher performance in the short term. In turn, our analysis presents objective perspective with respect to the effectiveness of financial policy through credit guarantee on overall performance of SMEs. This study, therefore, implies that well-balanced SMEs supporting policy may lead to better directions.

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