• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2018

The yellow crystalline material present in yellow and green glass beads excavated from sites in the Baekje region of Korea was previously analyzed through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, revealing that the yellow crystalline material was $PbSnO_3$. This material is a pigment that is rarely seen in the Korean peninsula. Furthermore, some studies have been published on the provenance of lead in this material, which revealed no relationship to Korea, China, or Japan. In this study, we collected all accessible results of analyses on the lead isotope ratio of yellow and green glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula, specifically from 7 sites in the Baekje region(located in the vicinity of Seoul, Wanju, Hwaseong, Osan, Gongju, Buyeo, and Iksan) and 2 sites in the Silla region(located in the vicinity of Gyeongju and Changnyeong). We subsequently investigated the lead provenance of the opacifying agents in the glass beads through comparison with the current extent of the galena data accumulated for the East Asian region, including Korea, China, and Japan, and for Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province), Southeast Asia. Our analysis determined that the lead provenance of the glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula was Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province). Beyond our results, further studies should seek to determine the production sites of the glass beads. Obtaining and comparing the scientific analyses of glass beads from India and Southeast Asia would enable research on the glass beads trade through the maritime silk road.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 납이나 크롬이 함유되지 않은 친환경적인 물질의 새로운 주황 무기 안료를 개발하고자 하였다. 고상반응법을 이용하여 LPG와 Air를 이용한 환원분위기에서 $TiO_2-SnO-ZnO$계 주황색 무기 안료를 합성하였다. 합성 된 안료들의 특성을 분석하기 위하여 표색계 값인 $L^*a^*b^*$ 값을 측정 후, XRD를 이용하여 결정 상을 분석하였고, SEM을 이용하여 미세구조 관찰하였으며, XPS를 이용하여 원소들의 산화가 상태를 분석하였다. 고상 반응법으로 합성 후 열처리한 $TiO_2-SnO-ZnO$ 안료는 yellow에서 orange-red 사이의 색을 가진다. $TiO_2-SnO-ZnO$ 안료의 결정상 분석 결과, 5가지의 결정상이 혼재하는 것을 볼 수 있는데, $SnO_2$가 cubic과 tetragonal 구조 중 어떤 결정 구조를 가지는지가 발색의 가장 중요한 요인으로 작용하는 것을 확인하였다. XPS를 이용하여 원소들의 산화가 상태를 분석한 결과, $Sn^{4+}$의 비율이 높을수록 안료가 rYR에 가까운 색을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

The Purpose or this study was to determine the optimal dyeing condition or Chelidonium majus extracts onto silk fabrics. Among the various dyeing properties, the colorfastness of fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus extracts was investigated in different conditions such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pH etc. We also tried to dye fabrics using the Chelidonium majus extracts which were lyophilized. Although mordant was not used, dyed fabrics showed relatively good dyeability and the main pigment of Chelidonium majus showed yellow vividly in the appropriate dyeing conditions. At a dyeing temperature above 40$^{\circ}C$, the $\Delta$E value increased but the yellowish tint decreased. The pH value of unadjusted Chelidonium majus extracts was 6.4, at which a deep yellow was obtained. The dye equilibrium was reached 40 minutes after dyeing. The colorfastness to washing and light was poor at 1-2 and 2-3, respectively, but the dry-cleaning fastness was good at 4-5.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1752-1757
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• 2008

한국의 제주도와 서해안 염전의 해수로 부터 각각 빨강 (JU11-1), 노랑(JU14), 주황(TA20)의 색소를 생성하는 3 균주를 분리하였으며, 이들의 분류학적 특성 및 16S rRNA 서열 분석 결과 3 균주 모두 Pseudoalteromonas 속 세균으로 밝혀졌다. 이들 각각의 색소 최대 흡수파장은 각각 537, 378, 387 nm로 나타났다. 균주는 Marine broth 2216에서 잘 자랐으며, $30^{\circ}C$, 2% NaCl, pH 6-7 의 조건에서 Ju11-1과 Ju14는 배양 24 시간에, TA20은 배양 28 시간에 최대 색소 생성을 나타냈다. 탄소원으로 maltose를 1% 첨가하였을 경우 색소 생성이 우수하였으며, 질소원으로는 beef extract를 1% 첨가하였을 경우 최적의 색소 생성을 나타냈다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권34호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2013

전라북도에 소재한 유형목조문화재의 단청기록화 사업의 일환으로 송광사 나한전(전라북도 유형문화재 제172호)에 채색된 안료에 대한 X-선형광분석을 실시하였으며, 이들에 대한 색상별 안료의 성분과 보수시기의 동일성을 비교하였다. 분석결과 주성분 및 미량성분을 검토한 결과 나한전에 사용된 안료는 청색은 군청(($3NaAl{\cdot}SiO_4{\cdot}Na_2S_2$), 녹색은 양록($Cu(C_2H_3O_2)_2{\cdot}3Cu(AsO_2)_3$, 주황은 장단($Pb_3O_4$), 황색은 크롬옐로($PbCrO_4$)로 분류되었다. 나한전 외부, 내부의 안료 성분분석으로는 채색 시기를 구별하긴 어려웠다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1999

Natural red colorants were extracted from Phytolacca americana Linne by using 50% ethanol solution at room temperature for 12 hours. The colorant components were partially purified as yellow and deep red colorants by thin layer chromatography. Natural red colorants were consisted of major water-soluble red colorant, having maximum absorbance at 538nm and alcohol-soluble yellow colorant, having maximum absorbance at 664nm. Concentration of red colorants were calibrated by the equation of dye(mg/ml) $A_{538nm}\times{1.284}$. Red colorants were changed to yellow at extreme alkali pH and repaired 55% color intensity by neutralization of pH and stabled below $55^\circ{C}$. Dyeability of red colorants against wool fabrics was mainly operated by red pigment having 538nm absorbance without big color differences. Below $55^\circ{C}$, color differences $(\Delta{E}^*_{ab})$ were not changed in spite of big difference of chroma$(c^*)$, having higher scores at higher temperature. The effect of mordants were not drastically changed parameters of color difference without copper ion. Citric acid was big changes of color difference$(\Delta{E}^*_{ab})$ in spite of similar chroma$(c^*)$ values. From these experimental results, red colorants from Phytolacca americana Linne is available for wool fabric dyeing.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2009

Two poorly known and often confused pleurostomatid ciliates, Litonotus paracygnus Song, 1994 and L. pictus Gruber, 1884, were collected from the coastal waters of Yeonggeumjeong and Bongpo-port, Gangwondo in the East Sea and from the Iwon tide embankment near Ganwol-do, Chungcheongnam-do in the Yellow Sea, Korea. These species were described based on live observations, the protargol-impregnation and morphometrics of the species. Also provided are their diagnoses. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences of these species were compared with previously known sequences of related species. The diagnostics of the two Litonotus species are as follows. L. paracygnus: 150-300 $\mu$m long in vivo, strongly contractile neck region, two ellipsoid macronuclei (Ma) and one micronucleus (Mi), 7 left (LSK) and 11-14 right somatic kineties (RSK), 2-4 contractile vacuoles (CV) located on the posterior end, extrusemes (Ex) distributed on the anterior region of the ventral margin only. L. pictus: about 200-600 $\mu$m long in vivo, extremely contractile, beautiful body color with rows of yellow to yellow-brownish cortical pigment granules, 12-21 Ma arranged in moniliform pattern, infrequently vermiform, 7-11 LSK and 18-26 RSK, several CV located on both margins, Ex distributed on the anterior region of the ventral margin only. In this study, this genus was firstly recorded in Korea.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

선발된 13종의 천연색소 추출물에 대하여 free radical 소거활성 및 아질산염 소거활성, 그리고 항산화효소 활성에 대하여 조사하였다. 천연색소 종류별 free radical 소거 활성을 보면 적양배추(red cabbage), 양파껍질(onion peel), 레드비트(redbeet), 흑미(black rice), 오디(mulberry) 색소 등에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났고, 청치자(blue gardenia) 및 황치자(yellow gardenia), 완숙여주(mature bitter melon) 색소 등에서는 비교적 낮은 활성을 보였다 또한 아질산염에 대한 소거능을 조사한 결과, 반응용액 pH 1.2의 경우 양파껍질, 레드비트, 치자황, 지황(chinese foxglove), 치자청 색소에서 높은 소거 활성을 나타냈으며, 적양배추와 오디 색소에서는 상대적으로 낮은 소거활성을 보였다. 그리고 반응용액 pH 6.0에서는 대부분의 색소 추출물에서 아질산염 소거활성을 나타내지 않았다. 그리고 항산화효소활성 결과를 보면, SOD 활성의 경우 여주, 흑미, 포도과피 등에서 높은 활성을 나타냈고, 자색고구마, 지황에서도 비교적 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한 APX 활성은 뽕잎, 오디, 지황의 순으로 높은 활성을 보였으며, CAT 활성도 APX 결과와 비슷한 양상으로 나타났다. 이는 천연색소에 있어 항산화 효소의 종류에 따라 그 활성에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 통해 다양한 생리활성을 지니고 있는 천연식물색소에 대해 높은 항산화 기능성을 확인함으로서 향후 고부가가치의 향장소재 및 식품소재로서의 개발가능성이 매우 높음을 시사해 주고 있다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.98-101
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• 1975

치자색소(梔子色素)의 과육(果肉)과 과피중(果皮中)의 함량(含量), 신선과(新鮮果)와 저장과(貯藏果)의 함량(含量)과 이 색소(色素)의 내열성(耐熱性), pH에 대(對)한 연구(硏究)에서 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Cretin의 신선과(新鮮果) 및 저장과중(貯藏果中)의 함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 0.0157%와 0.0136%로 저장(貯藏) 1년간(年間)에 15%의 감량(減量)이 있었다. 2. 신선과(新鮮果)에서 과피(果皮)와 과육(果肉)의 색소량(色素量)은 과피(果皮)보다 배(倍)나 많이 함유(含有)되었다. 3. 치자과(梔子果)에는 극미량(極微量)이지만 ${\beta}-Carotene$과 미지(未知)의 Carotene계(系) 색소(色素)가 함유(含有)되었다. 4. 치자색소(梔子色素)는 $100^{\circ}C$, 60분간(分間)의 가열(加熱)에도 안정(安定)하였으나 $150^{\circ}C$ 30분간(分間)에는 약(約) 반량(半量)이 파괴(破壞)되었다 5.치자색소(梔子色素)는 산성(酸性)에서는 10일후(日後)에는 완전(完全) 무색(無色)으로 되나 중성(中性)이 나 alkali성(性)에서는 10일후(日後)에도 변색(變色)되지 않았다. 6. 치자색소(梔子色素)는 외관상(外觀上) 농후액(濃厚液)은 황적색(黃赤色), 희박액(稀薄液)은 황색(黃色)이었으나 흡수극대(吸收極大)는 변동(變動)이 없었다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권28호
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• pp.121-147
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• 2007

A large variety of mineral pigments has been used for Korean paintings and it has known that organic pigments have been used together on the Buddhist painting and the portrait. Haehakbando-do, which is from Honolulu Academy Museum in the United States, 12-fold screen was commissioned by Court of the late Joseon Dynasty in order to pray for the King's longevity. Therefore, it seems that all material used including pigments were selected very carefully and a great deal of technical effort was gone into its process. The purposes of this research were to estimate the pigments and the contributory elements of each color used on Haehakbando-do, in accordance with the conservation treatment carried out by Gochang Conservation Institute throughout last year. Without extracting sample, property of pigment was measured by nondestructive method, X-ray spectral analysis, and by comparing with the data about ancient pigments. In spite of the limited range of pigment analysis by nondestructive method, it should be noted that this method would not cause damage to the cultural properites. White pigment was found in all colored parts except the background, so it can be suggested that white color was used as a grounding of other color pigments. This would be flake white[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] as Pb was found. Pb was the only element could be found in yellow, however, it can be organic pigment like Gamboge as same as background. Red would be Cinnabar (HgS) as hydrargyrum (Hg) was detected. For the light purple in cloud, organic pigments were probably used since any element is not detected except for Pb, which is used for background. It is possible that green color is the mixture of Malachite[$CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] and Azurite [$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$], which share Cu as their main element. Azurite[$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] was used for bluish pigments. Black is carbon compound. For gold, solid gold (Au) was detected. It shows that gold was gilded on the flake white background. Red painted on the frame of screen was identified as Cinnabar (HgS) and the gold pattern was solid gold (Au). The supporting leg of folding screen was made of brass because both copper and zinc were detected. In conclusion, white pigment was used as grounding of all colors of Haehakbando-do, and specific pigments were used for each color. Additionally, result from the analysis of several pigments shows that mineral pigment and organic pigment, or different mineral pigments were mixed to make various colors.