• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

This study identified the substitution of /u/ for /o/ (e.g., pyəllo [pyəllu]) in Korean based on the speech corpus as a function of grammar items. Korean /o/ and /u/ share the vowel feature [+rounded], but are distinguished in terms of tongue height. However, researchers have reported that the merger of Korean /o/ and /u/ is in progress, making them indistinguishable. Thus, in this study, the frequency of the phonetic manifestation /u/ of the underlying form of /o/ for each grammar item was calculated in The Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech (Seoul Corpus 2015) which is a large corpus from a total of 40 speakers from Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. It was then confirmed that linking endings, particles, and adverbs ending with /o/ in the word-final position were substituted for /u/ approximately 50% of the stimuli, whereas, in nominal items, they were replaced at a frequency of less than 5%. The high rates of substitution were the special particle "-do[du]" (59.6%) and the linking ending "-go[gu]" (43.5%) among high-frequency items. Observing Korean pronunciation in real life provides deep insight into its theoretical implications in terms of speech recognition.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.676-683
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• 2002

The success of XML(eXtensible Markup Language) is primarily based on its flexibility : everybody can define the structure of XML documents that represent information in the form he or she desires. XML is so flexible that XML documents cannot be automatically provided with an underlying semantics. Different tag sets, different names for elements or attributes, or different document structures in general mislead the task of classifying and clustering XML documents precisely. In this paper, we design and implement a system that allows checking the semantic-based similarity between XML tags. First, this system extracts the underlying semantics of tags and then expands the synonym set of tags using an WordNet thesaurus and user-defined word library which supports the abbreviation forms and compound words for XML tags. Seconds, considering the relative importance of XML tags in the XML documents, we extend a conventional vector space model which is the most generally used for document model in Information Retrieval field. Using this method, we have been able to check the similarity between XML tags which are represented different tags.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2017

Long time has passed since computers which used to be a means of research were commercialized and available for the general public. People used writing instruments to write before computer was commercialized. However, today a growing number of them are using computers to write instead. Computerized word processing helps write faster and reduces fatigue of hands than writing instruments, making it better fit to making long texts. However, word processing programs are more likely to cause spelling errors by the mistake of users. Spelling errors distort the shape of words, making it easy for the writer to find and correct directly, but those caused due to users' lack of knowledge or those hard to find may make it almost impossible to produce a document free of spelling errors. However, spelling errors in important documents such as theses or business proposals may lead to falling reliability. Consequently, it is necessary to conduct research on high-level spelling error correction programs for the general public. This study was designed to produce a system to correct sentence-level spelling errors to normal words with Korean alphabet similarity algorithm. On the basis of findings reported in related literatures that corrected words are significantly similar to misspelled words in form, spelling errors were extracted from a corpus. Extracted corrected words were replaced with misspelled ones to correct spelling errors with spelling error detection algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 2019

SOLAS requires that ECDIS be installed on ships of more than 500 gross tonnage engaged in international navigation until the first inspection arriving after July 1, 2018. Several accidents related to the use of ECDIS have occurred with its installation as a new major navigation instrument. The 12 incident reports issued by MAIB, BSU, BEAmer, DMAIB, and DSB were analyzed, and the cause of accident was determined to be related to the operation of the navigator and the ECDIS system. The text was analyzed using the R-program to quantitatively analyze words related to the cause of the accident. We used text mining techniques such as Wordcloud, Wordnetwork and Wordweight to represent the importance of words according to their frequency of derivation. Wordcloud uses the N-gram model as a way of expressing the frequency of used words in cloud form. As a result of the uni-gram analysis of the N-gram model, ECDIS words were obtained the most, and the bi-gram analysis results showed that the word "Safety Contour" was used most frequently. Based on the bi-gram analysis, the causative words are classified into the officer and the ECDIS system, and the related words are represented by Wordnetwork. Finally, the related words with the of icer and the ECDIS system were composed of word corpus, and Wordweight was applied to analyze the change in corpus frequency by year. As a result of analyzing the tendency of corpus variation with the trend line graph, more recently, the corpus of the officer has decreased, and conversely, the corpus of the ECDIS system is gradually increasing.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.774-787
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• 2021

This thesis is a follow-up study on HwangJeNaeGyeogSoMun(SoMun). Its purpose is the usage of '心' letter used in HwangjenaegyeogYoungChu(YoungChu). The original manuscript of this study was the Hu's Gulin Sanctum of YoungChu. It was conducted by a literature review. Typically, the word '心' means a tangible heart and an intangible mind in the same form. Therefore, in order to understand the contents of the YoungChu, which provides the basis for the basic ideology related to health care, meditation, GiGong training, yoga, practice and oriental medicine, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the word '心' letter. The results of this study are as follows. First, it means human heart. Second, it means the human chest. Third, it means mind such as angry, joy sad, fear and so on. Fourth, it means the transcendent concept like spiritual enlightenment. Fifth, it means the pericardium. Sixth, it means logical thinking. Seventh, it means center or core, Eighth, it means the name of the constellation in the eastern sky of ancient Asia. Ninth, it can be classified into the inside. It can be used as a basic data to understand the contents of YoungChu related to various categories. The limitation of it is that the classification of the '心' letter may be different from the researchers' perspective.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2022

This study compared and analyzed the characteristics of new words by classifying 197 newly coined Korean and Chinese characters in 2017 and 2018 into single, compound, derivative, abbreviated, and hybrid words according to the coined method. In the case of a single language, Korean is all words borrowed from Chinese and English. However, no monolingual language appeared in Chinese. In the case of compound words, the format of the Chinese synthesis method was much more diverse and the generative power was stronger than that of Korea. In the case of derivatives, there are not many prefixes in both countries, and Korean suffixes have the strongest productivity of Chinese suffixes and weak productivity of foreign and native suffixes. Korean foreign language suffixes were characterized by relatively more appearance than Chinese. In the case of abbreviations, it can be seen that the productivity of dark syllables is stronger for Korean abbreviations, and the productivity of empty syllables is stronger for Chinese abbreviations. In the case of mixed languages, the hybrid form of Korean was much more diverse than that of Chinese. Through this study, it will be possible to help Chinese Korean learners understand the process of forming a new language, and to develop their ability to guess the meaning of Korean words while learning a new language.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

The aquaculture management considers the maintenance of households lifehood more than profit maximization. As aquaculture industry has developed enterprise farms appeared, and the small and the large scale farms coexist. The features of coexistence could be summarized as followings. First of all, the large scale farms show the higher net profit while the small scale farms show the higher profit per 1ha and the earning rate. Secondly, in the case of over 2ha, the earning rate is stable in spite of the scale expansion. Moreover, in processing method, dried seaweed occupy the biggest proportion in the small scale farms while the raw seaweed occupy the biggest proportion in the large scale farms. Lastly, the scale of farms becomes larger, the participation rate of household labor rises. This thesis analyses the efficiency of Korean seaweed farms in the way of DEA model and suggests the improvements for the efficiency management. The mean technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were measured to be 0.88, 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Among the 20 farms included in the analysis, 10 were technically efficient and 12 were scale efficient. In conclusion, it is shown that the aquaculture farms has been becoming the form of coexistence. This appearance results in the effort for reducing the cost in the small scale farms and in profit maximization in the large scale farms. On the other hand, middle scale farms is inefficient compared with the small or large scale farms. Therefore, in order to achieve the efficiency, it is necessary to accomplish economy of scale by extending farm size or to cut expenses by reducing farm area. In other word, the efforts for achieving the efficiency is required in a different direction in spite of the same scale.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1898-1904
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• 2009

Recently, real documents such as newspapers as well as blogs include newly coined words such as "Wikipedia". However, most previous information processing technologies cannot deal with these newly coined words because they construct their dictionaries based on materials acquired during system development. In this paper, we propose a model to automatically recognize Korean unknown words excluded from the previously constructed dictionary. The proposed model consists of an unknown noun recognition phase based on full text analysis, an unknown verb recognition phase based on web document frequency, and an unknown noun recognition phase based on web document frequency. The proposed model can recognize accurately the unknown words occurred once and again in a document by the full text analysis. Also, the proposed model can recognize broadly the unknown words occurred once in the document by using web documents. Besides, the proposed model fan recognize both a Korean unknown verb, which syllables can be changed from its base form by inflection, and a Korean unknown noun, which syllables are not changed in any eojeol. Experimental results shows that the proposed model improves precision 1.01% and recall 8.50% as compared with a previous model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2014

Creative thinking requires an ability to draw ideas on the given topic in a given time period with concentration. For this, the development process of design concept on the topic was collected through experiments and interviews targeting 10 fashion education experts and 10 clothing majors. After the analysis, the results are as follows: First of all, divergent thinking was done to find as many ideas and possibilities as possible at the step of expanding the topic by analogy. This showed characteristics of spreading thoughts through the spread of lexicon to professional field knowledge of learned, individual's cultural background, other art fields. Second, abstracted and designed words that are expanded and listed by the topic analogy were specified the topic gradually through the free combination method between lexicons. The sentences made by the combination of lexicons were interpreted through the serial listing method, in which the connection between sentences had the meaning of orderly cause and effect form, and the parallel listing method that treated information at once. Third, the few characteristics of the procedure that visualizing into the specific design are as follows. Firstly, the method to transform image that lexicon has into the one appropriate to the topic, the case that reflects external characteristics of selected designed word, and the case which reflects as the extrinsic expression of personal immanent and tactic desires. This study has its means to propose methods and directions to help create more creative and systematic ideas by analyzing the characteristics that appeared during the process of thinking language-oriented design.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2013

Objective: Constraint induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) is a more intensive form of language treatment for aphasia as compared to traditional treatments. This study examined whether there are differences in cortisol stress levels between the two methods of aphasia treatment as well as effects on language skills. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 20 participants with expressive aphasia were randomly placed into one of the two treatment groups. The CIAT group received 10 days of intensive treatment over two weeks. The traditional therapy group received 6 days of treatment over 2 weeks. All participants in each group provided salivary cortisol samples before treatment, at the mid-point of treatment, and at the conclusion of treatment. Language skills were assessed before treatment and at the conclusion of treatment. Results: A significantly higher proportion of individuals in the CIAT treatment group had increased salivary cortisol stress levels when compared to the traditional treatment group at the mid-point of the program (80% versus 30% respectively, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals with increased cortisol stress by the end of the treatment. Language scores for word repetition and overall aphasia quotient significantly improved for the CIAT group when compared to the traditional group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The CIAT treatment appears to initially create increased psychophysiological stress as compared to the traditional treatment. In spite of the initial increases in psychophysiological stress, participants appear to become conditioned to the challenge and ultimately have enhanced benefit from CIAT treatment.