• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제67호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to blow the characteristics of disfluency in childhood. The subjects were 144 normal children at the age of between 3 to 8 years who lived in Seoul. All the subjects provided spontaneous conversational speech samples during free-play interactions with their friends. We investigated the patterns and the frequency of disfluency and its relevance with subject's age, speaking rate and MLU(mean length of utterance). The results of this study can be summarized as follows. (1) There was no difference in the frequency of disfluency with the speaker's age or speaking rate. (2) Interjection was the most frequently occurring pattern of disfluency. (3) Prolongation, revision, interjection increased with age while part-word repetition, single-syllable word repetition, multi-syllable word repetition decreased gradually. (4) A significant effect of MLU on the frequency of disfluencies were demonstrated. The regression analysis has shown that more disfluencies occurred in utterances of children whose MLU is longer.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2007년도 한국음성과학회 공동학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.227-229
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• 2007

We investigate whether the word frequency effects occur in native speakers' homophone speech in such a way that less frequent words are produced with greater magnitudes in duration and F0 than more frequent words. Acoustic analyses of homophone data produced by four speakers reveal that there is a tendency that vowels in less frequent words get longer than those in more frequent words, and statistical tests verify the significance of their differences. On the other hand, no considerable correlation has been discovered between F0 and word frequency.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.325-326
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• 2019

본 논문은 텍스트 마이닝 기법으로 명사의 빈도수를 조사하여 워드클라우드를 나타내는 기존의 방법을 개선하여 지능적 워드클라우드를 구현하는 방법을 제안한다. 텍스트 마이닝 시에 명사 단어를 추출하는 사전에 누락된 신조어 등의 단어를 효과적으로 추가하고, 동사 등 다른 품사위주의 워드클라우드를 시각적으로 보여주는 방법을 제안한다. 실험에서 기존 명사의 빈도수 추출에는 KoNLP 패키지를 사용하였고, 지원되지 않는 신조어 80개를 추가하였고 빈도수를 수동으로 조사하여 추가하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2009

Many isolated word recognition systems may generate non-similar words for recognition candidates because they use only acoustic information. In this paper, we investigate several techniques which can exclude non-similar words from N-best candidate words by applying Levenstein distance measure. At first, word distance method based on phone and syllable distances are considered. These methods use just Levenstein distance on phones or double Levenstein distance algorithm on syllables of candidates. Next, word similarity approaches are presented that they use characters' position information of word candidates. Each character's position is labeled to inserted, deleted, and correct position after alignment between source and target string. The word similarities are obtained from characters' positional probabilities which mean the frequency ratio of the same characters' observations on the position. From experimental results, we can find that the proposed methods are effective for removing non-similar words without loss of system performance from the N-best recognition candidates of the systems.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

본 연구는 중의성을 가진 어휘가 심성 어휘집에 표상된 방식과 감각 양상에 따른 처리 과정을 알아보기 위하여 한국어 동음동철이의 어절의 시·청각 재인 과정을 조사하였다. 청각 어절 판단 과제(실험 1)와 시각 어절 판단 과제(실험 2)를 이용한 두 실험에서 두 가지 이상의 의미를 가진 동음동철이의 어절(예: '물었다')과 단일한 의미만을 가진 통제 어절(예: '고통을')이 사용되었다. 어절 자극들의 누적 빈도는 조작하는 한편, 각 동음동철이의 어절의 다양한 의미가 가지는 상대적 빈도는 통제하였다. 어절 판단 과제를 사용한 두 실험 모두에서 유의한 빈도의 주효과와 함께 의미 수에 따른 어절 유형과 빈도 간의 상호작용이 발견되었다. 실험 1에서 청각적으로 제시된 동음동철이의 어절은 저빈도 조건에서 단의 어절에 비해 반응시간이 빠른 중의성 이득 효과가 나타난 반면, 고빈도 조건에서는 이와 반대로 비이득 효과가 나타났다. 마찬가지로 시각적으로 제시된 실험 2의 자극에서도 유사한 상호작용 패턴이 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과는 시각 및 청각 양상 모두에서 어휘-의미 처리가 상호의존적으로 이루어짐을 보여주며, 이는 의미 처리가 감각 의존적 단계보다는 일반적 어휘 지식 처리 단계에서 이루어질 가능성을 시사한다. 이와 더불어 의미 선택 과정에서 동음동철이의 어절이 가지는 다양한 의미의 후보군은 어절의 빈도가 상대적으로 낮을 때에만 촉진적 피드백을 제공함을 보여준다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

This study investigated final consonant error characteristics at word-medial position in children with functional articulation disorder. Data was collected from 11 children with functional articulation and 11 normal children, ages 4 to 5. The speech samples were collected from a naming test. Seventy-five words with every possible bi-consonants matrix at the word-medial position were used. The results of this study were as follows : First, percentage of correct word-medial final consonants of functional articulation disorder was lower than normal children. Second, there were significant differences between two groups in omission, substitution and assimilation error. Children with functional articulation disorder showed a high frequency of omission and regressive assimilation error, especially alveolarization in regressive assimilation error most. However, normal children showed a high frequency of regressive assimilation error, especially bilabialization in regressive assimilation error most. Finally, the results of error analysis according to articulation manner, articulation place and phonation type of consonants of initial consonant at word-medial, both functional articulation disorder and normal children showed a high error rate in stop sound-stop sound condition. The error rate of final consonant at word-medial position was high when initial consonant at word-medial position was alveolar sound and alveopalatal sound. Futhermore, when initial sounds were fortis and aspirated sounds, more errors occurred than linis sound was initial sound. The results of this study provided practical error characteristics of final consonant at word-medial position in children with speech sound disorder.

• 인지과학
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.99-115
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• 2021

본 연구는 로마자 알파벳 언어에서 일관되게 나타나는 글자 교환 효과와 관련된 혼동 현상이 한국어에서는 발견하기 어려운 사실에 근거하여 관련 소재(locus)를 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 한글 글자 교환에 대한 몇몇 연구에서는 음절이나 형태소 교환의 경우 혼동 효과가 유의미하게 있었지만 단순 글자의 교환에서는 혼동 효과가 미미하였다. 본 연구에서는 일련의 글자 교환 효과에 관한 기존 연구의 분석을 바탕으로 글자의 빈도가 조절변인일 수 있음에 착안하여 이를 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 한글 단어(예: 민주화)의 글자들을 교환하여 형성된 비단어에서 고빈도 음절이 포함되게 한 경우(예: 진무화) 유의미한 글자 교환 효과를 발견하였으나 저빈도 음절이 포함되게 한 경우(예: 경쟁력 → 졍갱력)에는 글자 교환 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 음절 빈도라는 어휘 변인이 한글 글자 교환 효과에 간여하는 주요 변인일 수 있음을 시사하며 한글에서도 글자 수준에서의 교환 효과가 나타날 수 있음을 밝혔다.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2008

The current study investigated distributional properties of the Korean Accentual Phrase and their implication to word segmentation. The properties examined were the frequency of various AP tonal patterns, the types of tonal patterns that are imposed upon content words, and the average number and temporal location of content words within the AP. A total of 414 sentences from the Read speech corpus and the Radio corpus were used for the data analysis. The results showed that the 84% of the APs contained one content word, and that almost 90% of the content words are located in AP-initial position. When the AP-initial onset was not an aspirated or tense consonant, the most common AP patterns were LH, LHH, and LHLH (78%), and 88% of the multisyllabic content words start with a rising tone in AP-initial position. When the AP-initial onset was an aspirated or tense consonant, the most common AP patterns were HH, HHLH, and HHL (72%), and 74% of the multisyllabic content words start with a level H tone in AP-initial position. The data further showed that 84.1% of APs end with the final H tone. The findings provide valuable information about the prosodic pattern and structure of Korean APs, and account for the results of a previous study which showed that Korean listeners are sensitive to AP-initial rising and AP-final high tones (Kim, 2007). This is in line with other cross-linguistic research which has revealed the correlation between prosodic probability and speech processing strategy.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -3
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• pp.1984-1987
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• 2002

This paper describes the design and implementation of a single-chip digitally synthesized 0-35MHz agile function generator. The chip comprises an integrated direct digital synthesizer (DDS) with a 10-bit on- chip digital-to-analog converter (DAC) using an n-well single-poly triple-metal 0.5-$\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS technology. The main features of the chip include maximum clock frequency of 100 MHz at 3.3-V supply voltage, 32-bit frequency tuning word resolution, 12-bit phase tuning word resolution, and an on-chip 10-bit DAC. The chip provides sinusoidal, ramp, saw-tooth, and random waveforms with phase and frequency modulation, and power-down function. At 100-MHz clock frequency, the chip covers a bandwidth from dc to 35 MHz in 0.0233-Hz frequency steps with 190-ns frequency switching speed. The complete chip occupies 12-mm$^2$die area and dissipates 0.4 W at 100-MHz clock frequency.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to see the effects of pitch and length patterns on spoken word recognition. In Experiment 1, a syllable monitoring task was used to see the effects of pitch and length on the pre-lexical level of spoken word recognition. For both Seoul dialect speakers and Daegu dialect speakers, pitch and length did not affect the syllable detection processes. This result implies that there is little effect of pitch and length in pre-lexical processing. In Experiment 2, a lexical decision task was used to see the effect of pitch and length on the lexical access level of spoken word recognition. In this experiment, word frequency (low and high) as well as pitch and length was manipulated. The results showed that pitch and length information did not play an important role for Seoul dialect speakers, but that it did affect lexical decision processing for Daegu dialect speakers. Pitch and length seem to affect lexical access during the word recognition process of Daegu dialect speakers.